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Rui Fan

Publications and source records attributed to Rui Fan.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

DSRS: Teaching MLLMs to Perceive, Reason, and Segment in Complex Driving Scenes

Existing reasoning segmentation frameworks typically employ multimodal large language models (MLLMs) with broad world knowledge to extract semantics in a human-like manner and generate corresponding segmentation masks. Nevertheless, these frameworks lack the necessary scene-specific awareness. This paper introduces driving scene reasoning segmentation (DSRS), a scene-specific task that requires models to interpret implicit instructions, infer spatial relations, detect potential risks, handle challenging conditions, and comprehend underlying traffic rules, ultimately generating accurate segmentation masks. Meanwhile, we establish a benchmark dataset to facilitate future research on the DSRS task. To pioneer this task, we propose DSRS-Net, a novel architecture with advanced reasoning segmentation capability for automated driving. Specifically, DSRS-Net seamlessly infuses geometric features for deeper reasoning segmentation, without compromising the original multimodal fusion mechanism. This strategy effectively mitigates the modality representation mismatch in MLLMs caused by RGB-only pretraining, while enhancing the integration of geometric, contextual, and linguistic features. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superior performance of DSRS-Net in both driving scene reasoning segmentation and other language-driven segmentation tasks across various public datasets. The source code and dataset will be released upon publication.

cs.CV↗

Binaural Audio-Visual Instance Segmentation

Audio-visual segmentation (AVS) aims to segment sounding objects at the pixel level by integrating auditory and visual cues. However, existing methods are predominantly developed under the monaural setting and primarily rely on cross-modal semantic correspondence, which limits their ability to distinguish visually similar instances of the same semantic class. In contrast, humans naturally exploit binaural hearing, where interaural differences and direction-dependent acoustic filtering introduced by the head and pinnae provide physically grounded spatial cues for accurate sound source localization. Motivated by this observation, we introduce binaural audio-visual instance segmentation (BiAVIS), a new task that leverages synchronized binaural audio and video frames to segment sounding instances. To advance research on this task, we establish two benchmarks by manually annotating an existing binaural audio-visual dataset and collecting a new real-world dataset, BiAVIS-Bench, in more challenging and diverse scenarios. The proposed BiAVIS model (BiAVISM) features an audio-only sound source localization network that directly projects binaural spatial cues onto the image plane to learn spatial and semantic priors for sounding instances. A query-level audio-visual fusion strategy is subsequently introduced to inject these informative priors into the instance segmentation decoder. Extensive experiments conducted on the two proposed benchmarks demonstrate the superior performance of the BiAVISM over previous monaural AVS methods, especially in resolving instance-level intra-class ambiguity. On the more challenging BiAVIS-Bench, BiAVISM achieves 26.65 mAP and 45.90 FSLA, corresponding to relative improvements of approximately 35.35% over AVISM in mean average precision (mAP) and 11.62% over ACVIS in frame-level sound localization accuracy (FSLA).

cs.CV↗

PanoBench: A Panoptic Occupancy Prediction Benchmark for Autonomous Driving

Panoptic occupancy unifies 3D geometry, semantics, and instance identities, but its development is limited by scarce instance-aware annotations. Existing benchmarks mainly provide semantic labels reconstructed from incomplete sensor observations, while panoptic datasets have limited domain coverage or annotation completeness. We introduce PanoBench, a camera-centric panoptic occupancy prediction benchmark spanning synthetic and real-world driving scenes. It combines PanoBench-CarlaOcc, PanoBench-nuScenes, and PanoBench-KITTI360 through canonical data interfaces and unified evaluation protocols, providing multi-resolution annotations with persistent instance identities. The synthetic branch derives complete panoptic geometry from simulated meshes. For real-world data, a new pipeline reconstructs backgrounds using geometric priors and topology constraints, generates foreground mesh assets from multi-frame multi-view images, and fuses them into sparse panoptic voxels. A unified valid-mask protocol evaluates complete thing instances supported by temporal observations while scoring stuff regions at the voxel level. Analyses of observation fidelity, geometric completeness, spatial continuity, and temporal consistency demonstrate the benefits of the resulting annotations over existing occupancy benchmarks. We benchmark representative methods on semantic occupancy prediction, panoptic occupancy prediction, and 4D occupancy forecasting, and study voxel resolution, synthetic-to-real transfer, and storage efficiency. These results reveal complementary strengths of volumetric and ray-based metrics and persistent challenges in real-world instance-aware prediction. PanoBench is available at https://mias.group/PanoBench.

cs.CV↗

Learning to Discriminate Scene Structures Makes Self-Supervised Depth Learning Scalable

Self-supervised monocular depth estimation is appealing for its potential to scale with unlabeled data, yet existing methods often degrade when trained on diverse scenes. This study finds that, under self-supervision, models tend to encode dataset-specific structural biases rather than transferable scene geometry, leading to cross-domain optimization conflicts. To address this issue, this study proposes the MaSS framework, aiming to make self-supervised depth learning scalable to diverse data. MaSS introduces a dedicated structural representation pathway explicitly decoupled from contextual features, which is guided by a novel scene-structure discrimination objective to learn generalized, layout-aware structural representations for depth decoding. Trained and evaluated on four diverse datasets, both individually and jointly, MaSS substantially outperforms prior self-supervised methods and is the first to consistently benefit from mixed-domain training. Zero-shot evaluation on eight additional datasets further demonstrates its remarkable generalizability, particularly on those entirely out-of-distribution scenes. The source code is publicly available at https://mias.group/MaSS.

cs.CV↗

The Midas Touch for Metric Depth: Interpretable Metricization for Generalizable Depth Perception

Recent foundation models have drastically improved the generalization of monocular relative depth estimation, yet recovering accurate metric depth from their estimates for depth perception tasks remains challenging due to scale ambiguity and local metric-scale inconsistency. Existing approaches recover metric depth from sparse observations using either explicit global affine transformation algorithms or implicit data-driven depth completion networks. The former cannot accommodate spatially varying relative-to-metric relationships, while the latter are sensitive to the distribution of sparse observations and may not fully exploit generalizable relative depth priors. To simultaneously address these issues, this study extends our previous work MTD and proposes MTDv2, a hybrid metric depth perception framework that combines explicit depth metricization with data-driven metric depth refinement. The explicit depth metricization process performs segment-wise affine transformations to recover spatially varying metric scales while preserving the geometric structure of relative depth, followed by pixel-wise depth refinement that propagates metric observations along paths with minimal accumulated geometric variation. The data-driven depth refinement process subsequently extends the explicit single-path depth propagation to a learnable multi-path formulation while preserving its interpretability. Extensive experiments conducted on 16 public datasets demonstrate the robust and generalizable depth scale recovery capability of MTDv2 across diverse sources of sparse observations and different depth estimation paradigms, as well as its broad applicability to downstream 3D perception tasks. Code will be publicly available at https://mias.group/MTD upon publication.

cs.CV↗

OptiSAR-Net++: A Large-Scale Benchmark and Transformer-Free Framework for Cross-Domain Remote Sensing Visual Grounding

Remote sensing visual grounding (RSVG) aims to localize specific targets in remote sensing images using natural language expressions. However, existing methods are restricted to single-sensor domains, i.e., either optical or synthetic aperture radar (SAR), limiting their real-world applicability. In this paper, we introduce the Cross-Domain RSVG (CD-RSVG) task and construct OptSAR-RSVG, the first large-scale benchmark dataset for this setting. To tackle the challenges of cross-domain feature modeling, computational inefficiency, and fine-grained semantic discrimination, we propose OptiSAR-Net++. Our framework features a patch-level Low-Rank Adaptation Mixture of Experts (PL-MoE) for efficient cross-domain feature decoupling. To mitigate the substantial computational overhead of Transformer decoding frameworks, we adopt a CLIP-based contrastive paradigm and further incorporate dynamic adversarial negative sampling, thereby transforming generative regression into an efficient cross-modal matching process. Additionally, a text-guided dual-gate fusion module (TGDF-SSA) and a region-aware auxiliary head are introduced to enhance semantic-visual alignment and spatial modeling. Extensive experiments demonstrate that OptiSAR-Net++ achieves SOTA performance on both OptSAR-RSVG and DIOR-RSVG benchmarks, offering significant advantages in localization accuracy and efficiency. The model and dataset have been made publicly available at https://github.com/JunDong-dev/OptiSAR-Net-PlusPlus.

cs.CV↗

Explainable Heterogeneous Anomaly Detection in Financial Networks via Adaptive Expert Routing

Financial anomalies arise from heterogeneous mechanisms - price shocks, liquidity freezes, contagion cascades, and momentum reversals - yet existing detectors produce uniform anomaly scores without revealing which mechanism is failing or where risks concentrate. This hinders targeted responses: liquidity freezes call for market-making support, whereas price shocks from information asymmetry call for circuit breakers. Three key challenges remain unresolved: (1) static graph structures cannot adapt when correlations shift across regimes; (2) uniform detectors overlook heterogeneous anomaly signatures; and (3) black-box scores provide no actionable guidance on which mechanism drives the anomaly. We address these challenges with an adaptive graph learning framework that embeds interpretability architecturally rather than post hoc. The framework constructs stress-modulated graphs that adaptively interpolate between known sector and geographic relationships and data-driven correlations as market conditions evolve. Anomalies are decomposed via four mechanism-specific experts - Price-Shock, Liquidity, Systemic-Contagion, and Momentum-Reversal - whose routing weights serve as interpretable proxies for mechanism attribution. A hierarchical Market Pressure Index aggregates entity-level anomaly scores into graduated market-wide alerts. On 100 U.S. equities (2017-2024), the framework detects all six major market stress events with a 3.7-day mean lead time, outperforming the strongest baselines by +33 percentage points in detection rate (AUC 0.888, AP 0.626). Case studies on the SVB collapse (March 2023) and Japan carry-trade unwind (August 2024) demonstrate that routing weights automatically distinguish localized sector-specific crises from systemic multi-sector propagation - without labeled supervision.

cs.LG↗

ASTRA-Net: Anatomy-Specific Transfer and Representation Alignment for Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy Segmentation

Quantitative drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) requires reliable airway boundaries at specific anatomical levels. Pixel-level DISE annotations are scarce, and manual contouring limits the scalability of quantitative assessment. To address this limitation, we developed ASTRA-Net for known-plane DISE segmentation with limited real annotations. Stage 1 aligned intermediate ConvNeXt-Base representations from 14,250 unlabeled virtual endoscopy frames derived from computed tomography and real DISE frames. Virtual images were used only for feature alignment. Stage 2 fine-tuned four independent UNet++ decoders on 401 real annotated frames. Structured zero-mask supervision constrained incompatible plane outputs and invalid frames. Six alignment configurations used maximum mean discrepancy, domain adversarial learning, or both objectives. On a hold-out evaluation set of 100 frames, the five-model MMD-only segmentation ensemble achieved a mean Dice of 0.8927, with a 95% image-level bootstrap interval of 0.8631 to 0.9160. The mean intersection over union was 0.8239. A classification- enabled variant of the same alignment configuration reached a restricted four-plane top-1 accuracy of 0.92 on the same hold-out frames. These results indicate that ASTRA-Net can support frame-level, plane-specific DISE boundary delineation when real annotations are limited.

cs.CV↗

Can we Trust Unreliable Voxels? Exploring 3D Semantic Occupancy Prediction under Label Noise

3D semantic occupancy prediction is a cornerstone of robotic perception, yet real-world voxel annotations are inherently corrupted by structural artifacts and dynamic trailing effects. This raises a critical but underexplored question: can autonomous systems safely rely on such unreliable occupancy supervision? To systematically investigate this issue, we establish OccNL, the first benchmark dedicated to 3D occupancy under occupancy-asymmetric and dynamic trailing noise. Our analysis reveals a fundamental domain gap: state-of-the-art 2D label noise learning strategies collapse catastrophically in sparse 3D voxel spaces, exposing a critical vulnerability in existing paradigms. To address this challenge, we propose DPR-Occ, a principled label-noise-robust framework that constructs reliable supervision through dual-source partial label reasoning. By synergizing temporal model memory with representation-level structural affinity, DPR-Occ dynamically expands and prunes candidate label sets to preserve true semantics while suppressing noise propagation. Extensive experiments on SemanticKITTI demonstrate that DPR-Occ prevents geometric and semantic collapse under extreme corruption. Notably, even at 90% label noise, our method achieves significant performance gains (up to 2.57% mIoU and 13.91% IoU) over existing label noise learning baselines adapted to the 3D occupancy prediction task. By bridging label noise learning and 3D perception, OccNL and DPR-Occ provide a reliable foundation for safety-critical robotic perception in dynamic environments. The benchmark and source code will be made publicly available at https://github.com/mylwx/OccNL.

cs.CV↗

Single-Frame Point-Pixel Registration via Supervised Cross-Modal Feature Matching

Point-pixel registration between LiDAR point clouds and camera images is a fundamental yet challenging task in autonomous driving and robotic perception. A key difficulty lies in the modality gap between unstructured point clouds and structured images, especially under sparse single-frame LiDAR settings. Existing methods typically extract features separately from point clouds and images, then rely on hand-crafted or learned matching strategies. This separate encoding fails to bridge the modality gap effectively, and more critically, these methods struggle with the sparsity and noise of single-frame LiDAR, often requiring point cloud accumulation or additional priors to improve reliability. Inspired by recent progress in detector-free matching paradigms, we revisit the projection-based approach and introduce the detector-free framework for direct point-pixel matching between LiDAR and camera views. To further enhance matching reliability, we introduce a repeatability scoring mechanism that acts as a soft visibility prior. This guides the network to suppress unreliable matches in regions with low intensity variation, improving robustness under sparse input. Extensive experiments on KITTI, nuScenes, and MIAS-LCEC-TF70 benchmarks demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming prior approaches on nuScenes (even those relying on accumulated point clouds), despite using only single-frame LiDAR.

cs.CV↗

NOVA: Next-step Open-Vocabulary Autoregression for 3D Multi-Object Tracking in Autonomous Driving

Generalizing across unknown targets is critical for open-world perception, yet existing 3D Multi-Object Tracking (3D MOT) pipelines remain limited by closed-set assumptions and ``semantic-blind'' heuristics. To address this, we propose Next-step Open-Vocabulary Autoregression (NOVA), an autoregressive association formulation that shifts the data association stage from fragmented distance-based matching toward trajectory-conditioned spatio-semantic modeling. NOVA reformulates 3D trajectories as structured spatio-temporal semantic sequences, enabling the simultaneous encoding of physical motion continuity and deep linguistic priors. By leveraging the autoregressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), we transform the tracking task into a principled process of next-step sequence completion. This mechanism allows the model to explicitly utilize the hierarchical structure of language space to resolve fine-grained semantic ambiguities and maintain identity consistency across complex long-range sequences through high-level commonsense reasoning. Extensive experiments on nuScenes, V2X-Seq-SPD, and KITTI demonstrate the superior performance of NOVA. Notably, on the nuScenes dataset, NOVA achieves an AMOTA of 22.41% for Novel categories, yielding a significant 20.21% absolute improvement over the baseline. These gains are realized through a compact 0.5B autoregressive model. Code will be available at https://github.com/xifen523/NOVA.

cs.CV↗

SKEL-CF: Coarse-to-Fine Biomechanical Skeleton and Surface Mesh Recovery

Parametric 3D human models such as SMPL have driven significant advances in human pose and shape estimation, yet their simplified kinematics limit biomechanical realism. The recently proposed SKEL model addresses this limitation by re-rigging SMPL with an anatomically accurate skeleton. However, estimating SKEL parameters directly remains challenging due to limited training data, perspective ambiguities, and the inherent complexity of human articulation. We introduce SKEL-CF, a coarse-to-fine framework for SKEL parameter estimation. SKEL-CF employs a transformer-based encoder-decoder architecture, where the encoder predicts coarse camera and SKEL parameters, and the decoder progressively refines them in successive layers. To ensure anatomically consistent supervision, we convert the existing SMPL-based dataset 4DHuman into a SKEL-aligned version, 4DHuman-SKEL, providing high-quality training data for SKEL estimation. In addition, to mitigate depth and scale ambiguities, we explicitly incorporate camera modeling into the SKEL-CF pipeline and demonstrate its importance across diverse viewpoints. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed design. On the challenging MOYO dataset, SKEL-CF achieves 85.0 MPJPE / 51.4 PA-MPJPE, significantly outperforming the previous SKEL-based state-of-the-art HSMR (104.5 / 79.6). These results establish SKEL-CF as a scalable and anatomically faithful framework for human motion analysis, facilitating the use of computer vision techniques in biomechanics-related analysis. Our implementation is available on the project page: https://pokerman8.github.io/SKEL-CF/.

cs.CV↗

Unsupervised Collaborative Domain Adaptation for Driving Scene Parsing

Reliable driving scene parsing is a fundamental capability for autonomous vehicles operating in open and dynamic driving environments. However, adapting perception models to new deployment domains remains challenging because pixel-level annotations are expensive to obtain, while source-domain data are often inaccessible due to privacy, security, or ownership constraints. Existing source-free unsupervised domain adaptation methods typically rely on a single pre-trained source model, which makes the adapted perception system vulnerable to source-specific biases and limits its robustness under diverse road layouts, illumination conditions, weather patterns, and traffic conditions. This article presents an unsupervised collaborative domain adaptation (UCDA) framework for driving scene parsing in a source-free setting, which transfers complementary knowledge from multiple pre-trained source models to a unified target model without accessing any original source samples. To compare predictions from independently trained models, UCDA constructs a class-level prototype memory bank and estimates cross-model prediction reliability through prototype similarity, reducing the effect of inconsistent confidence scales across source models. Based on the resulting complementary supervision, UCDA adopts a two-stage transfer strategy: multiple source models are first refined on unlabeled target-domain driving data through collaborative optimization with positive and negative consistency constraints, and their validated expertise is then distilled into a single deployable target model. Comprehensive evaluations on public driving-scene datasets and real-world data collected from an autonomous vehicle platform demonstrate that UCDA effectively consolidates complementary multi-source knowledge, improving target-domain scene parsing reliability and generalization across diverse driving environments.

cs.CV↗

VAD-GS: Visibility-Aware Densification for 3D Gaussian Splatting in Dynamic Urban Scenes

3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) has demonstrated impressive performance in synthesizing high-fidelity novel views. Nonetheless, its effectiveness critically depends on the quality of the initialized point cloud. Specifically, achieving uniform and complete point coverage over the underlying scene structure requires overlapping observation frustums, an assumption that is often violated in unbounded, dynamic urban environments. Training Gaussian models with partially initialized point clouds often leads to distortions and artifacts, as camera rays may fail to intersect valid surfaces, resulting in incorrect gradient propagation to Gaussian primitives associated with occluded or invisible geometry. Additionally, existing densification strategies simply clone and split Gaussian primitives from existing ones, incapable of reconstructing geometry from missing structures. To address these limitations, we propose VAD-GS, a 3DGS framework tailored for geometry recovery in challenging urban scenes. Our method identifies unreliable geometry structures via voxel-based visibility reasoning, selects informative supporting views through diversity-aware view selection, and recovers missing structures via multi-view stereo reconstruction. This design enables the generation of new Gaussian primitives guided by reliable geometric priors, even in regions lacking initial points. Extensive experiments on the Waymo and nuScenes datasets demonstrate that VAD-GS outperforms state-of-the-art 3DGS approaches and significantly improves the quality of reconstructed geometry for both static and dynamic objects. Our project webpage is at mias.group/VAD-GS.

cs.CV↗

When Seekers Are Hard to Help: Evaluating Emotional Support Dialogue Systems in Worst-Case Interactions

Emotional Support Dialogue Systems (ESDSes) are increasingly evaluated and trained with LLM-simulated seekers. However, such simulated seekers often behave as cooperative, average-case users who disclose clearly, respond constructively, and accept support within a few turns. This can lead to overly optimistic evaluation and obscure whether ESDSes can handle difficult help-seeking interactions. In this work, we study ESDS evaluation under worst-case interactions, where seekers are hard to help due to low engagement, resistance, limited self-disclosure, emotional volatility, or rigid negative interpretations. We first conduct an expert simulation study with eight experienced counselling professionals, who simulate difficult seekers, interact with existing Chinese ESDSes, provide scale ratings, and participate in semi-structured interviews. Based on this study, we derive worst-case seeker behaviours and identify key limitations of current systems. We then propose a worst-case evaluation framework consisting of an LLM-based worst-case seeker simulator and four worst-case-oriented metrics: Deep Emotional Understanding, Guided Exploration, Balanced Emotional Support, and Authentic and Grounded Support. Evaluating 17 systems, we find that nearly all models suffer substantial performance drops under worst-case interactions. Large general-purpose LLMs are generally more robust than specialised ESDSes, but even the strongest models struggle to sustain engagement and improve seekers' emotional states. Finally, we show that worst-case simulation can also generate useful training data, improving the robustness of smaller models.

cs.CL↗

The Midas Touch for Metric Depth

Recent advances have markedly improved the cross-scene generalization of relative depth estimation, yet its practical applicability remains limited by the absence of metric scale, local inconsistencies, and low computational efficiency. To address these issues, we present \emph{\textbf{M}idas \textbf{T}ouch for \textbf{D}epth} (MTD), a mathematically interpretable approach that converts relative depth into metric depth using only extremely sparse 3D data. To eliminate local scale inconsistencies, it applies a segment-wise recovery strategy via sparse graph optimization, followed by a pixel-wise refinement strategy using a discontinuity-aware geodesic cost. MTD exhibits strong generalization and achieves substantial accuracy improvements over previous depth completion and depth estimation methods. Moreover, its lightweight, plug-and-play design facilitates deployment and integration on diverse downstream 3D tasks. Project page is available at https://mias.group/MTD.

cs.CV↗

Terrain Perception for Agricultural UAVs in Complex Farmland via Rotating mmWave Radar

Accurate terrain perception is essential for terrain-following flight of agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), yet remains challenging in real-world farmland due to occlusions, complex terrain geometry, and environmental disturbances. Millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar is a promising sensing modality for this task due to its robustness to adverse conditions; however, existing UAV-mounted radar systems rely on fixed field of view (FoV) and terrain extraction methods designed for dense LiDAR data, leading to incomplete and unreliable terrain estimation. To address these limitations, we present a low-cost rotating mmWave radar-enabled terrain perception framework for agricultural UAVs operating in complex farmland environments. Specifically, a mechanically rotating sensing design is introduced to enlarge spatial coverage and improve terrain observability beyond the limitations of fixed-view radar under dynamic low-altitude flight. Building upon this sensing capability, we further design a pose-consistent terrain reconstruction pipeline tailored for sparse, noisy, and partially observable radar data, enabling reliable ground extraction and continuous terrain surface estimation in challenging agricultural scenarios. The complete system is deployed on a real agricultural UAV platform and comprehensively evaluated through extensive field experiments. Experimental results demonstrate improved terrain coverage and estimation accuracy, achieving an F1 score of 94.42 for ground segmentation, while the closest rival only achieves 90.48. Thus, leading to more robust terrain following flight.

cs.RO↗

An Instance-Centric Panoptic Occupancy Prediction Benchmark for Autonomous Driving

Panoptic occupancy prediction aims to jointly infer voxel-wise semantics and instance identities within a unified 3D scene representation. Nevertheless, progress in this field remains constrained by the absence of high-quality 3D mesh resources, instance-level annotations, and physically consistent occupancy datasets. Existing benchmarks typically provide incomplete and low-resolution geometry without instance-level annotations, limiting the development of models capable of achieving precise geometric reconstruction, reliable occlusion reasoning, and holistic 3D understanding. To address these challenges, this paper presents an instance-centric benchmark for the 3D panoptic occupancy prediction task. Specifically, we introduce ADMesh, the first unified 3D mesh library tailored for autonomous driving, which integrates over 15K high-quality 3D models with diverse textures and rich semantic annotations. Building upon ADMesh, we further construct CarlaOcc, a large-scale, physically consistent panoptic occupancy dataset generated using the CARLA simulator. This dataset contains over 100K frames with fine-grained, instance-level occupancy ground truth at voxel resolutions as fine as 0.05 m. Furthermore, standardized evaluation metrics are introduced to quantify the quality of existing occupancy datasets. Finally, a systematic benchmark of representative models is established on the proposed dataset, which provides a unified platform for fair comparison and reproducible research in the field of 3D panoptic perception. Code and dataset are available at https://mias.group/CarlaOcc.

cs.CV↗