Precision Cotton Disease Management: Leveraging UAV Imagery and Custom YOLO Deep Learning Framework for Enhanced Detection
Cotton sustains the textile economies of over 80 countries with an annual yield of 113 million bales, yet 30-60% of yield losses are still attributed to viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases that remain undetected until manual field scouting. To address this critical issue, the integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery with deep learning offers a scalable early-warning system; however, existing models suffer from low early-stage accuracy, poor transferability, and high computational cost. In this paper, we propose Cotton-Vision, a fully convolutional single-stage detector that synergizes three lightweight architectural innovations: Ghost Bottleneck modules for a 20% parameter reduction, Efficient Channel Attention (ECA) for adaptive feature recalibration, and Cross-Stage Partial (CSP) fusion for enriched gradient flow. The network is trained on a novel dataset collected across seven cotton fields in the Punjab province of Pakistan, comprising over 2,700 high-resolution drone images. Extensive data augmentation (rotation, shear, exposure, and saturation) expands the dataset to 11,704 training samples. On a held-out test set, Cotton-Vision achieves a precision of 97.7%, a recall of 77.7%, an mAP@50 of 85.6%, and an mAP@50-95 of 76.6%. These results represent a 10-20% improvement in precision, recall, and mAP over state-of-the-art baselines, including YOLOv5, YOLOv8, YOLOv11, YOLOv12, RT-DETR, and RF-DETR. Through a comprehensive ablation study, we demonstrate that each proposed architectural enhancement contributes to the model's superior performance, yielding a 12-16% mAP improvement over the baseline architecture. Our findings confirm that this synergy of lightweight and attention-based modules provides a robust, computationally viable solution for early cotton disease detection.