arXiv subjects

Wentao Bao

Publications and source records attributed to Wentao Bao.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

MoEMB: Scaling Universal Multimodal Embeddings with Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Models

Universal multimodal embedding (UME) increasingly demands encoder's capacity for handling a broad range of tasks and modalities with increased complexity. Prior scaling methods either increase the representation size, retrieval effort, or scales the encoder into a heavy multimodal LLM. Recent works, such as Think-Then-Embed (TTE), explore scaling via reasoning tokens. However, embedding models are hard to scale up: increasing parameters directly tradeoffs for the large training batch size that contrastive learning needs, and retrieval has to be served under tight latency. Moreover, UME tasks are diverse in complexity, where scaling up embedders can bring significant redundant computation. In this work, we propose MOEMB, which instead scales UME along the expert axis through mixture-of-experts (MoE), growing encoder capacity while preserving single-vector, non-autoregressive encoding. Through a systematic study of the design space and training recipes for MoE-based UME, MoEMB sets a new state of the art on both MMEB-V2 and MRMR among models trained on public MMEB-family data: with only 3B active parameters, MoEMB surpasses TTE-based methods with >4x active parameters, using significantly less computes. To further improve the scalability and efficiency, we conduct the first comprehensive study of adaptive computation for MoE-based embedding, spanning diverse strategies across training-based and inference-only methods. Together, these results support expert scaling as an effective and efficient direction for UME, with adaptive computation further improving efficiency for MLLM-based embedding models towards large-scale retrieval and recommendation systems.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2026

An Event is Worth One Token: Event Tokenization for Industrial-scale LLM Recommendation

LLM-based recommendation has scaled along model capacity and sequence length, yet each position encodes only text, semantic IDs, or a few categorical features, discarding rich user, item, context, and outcome signals available at each event. Under autoregressive modeling, this yields weak queries at each position and, since each position becomes context for the next, the degradation compounds across the sequence. We propose an event-centric paradigm that represents each interaction by its full temporal snapshot, and identify a new scaling dimension we term snapshot resolution: the amount of information encoded per event. To efficiently scale snapshot resolution, we introduce AMBER (Autoregressive Modeling via Bottlenecked Event Representation), which compresses each temporal snapshot into a compact Event Token, a new LLM input modality. The representation is learned end-to-end, while Event Tokens are pre-computed and cached for serving, decoupling snapshot resolution from real-time serving compute. On industrial-scale ranking and retrieval benchmarks, AMBER advances the compute-quality Pareto frontier relative to alternative recommendation paradigms. At sufficient capacity, a single unified tokenizer even outperforms dedicated per-entity tokenizers, demonstrating positive transfer across structurally different entity types. AMBER's Event Tokens also transfer across model architectures: when integrated into a heavily optimized non-LLM ranker as serving-time historical features, they yield statistically significant improvements. Further scaling Event Tokenizer capacity provides additional improvements.

cs.IR↗

arXiv2026

X-SG$^2$S: Safe and Generalizable Gaussian Splatting with X-dimensional Watermarks

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has been widely used in 3D reconstruction and 3D generation. However, the rapid adoption of 3D Gaussian Splatting raises growing concerns about information leakage and unauthorized use, urging the exploration of effective watermarking techniques. However, existing methods are limited by low capacity, fragility under geometric perturbations, and the infeasible requirement for costly fine-tuning or pipeline modifications, motivating the need for a generalizable, feed-forward framework capable of robust multi-modal embedding with minimal intrusion. In this paper, we propose a new framework X-SG$^2$S which can simultaneously inject 1D to 3D watermarks for copyright protection, while keeping the high fidelity of original 3DGS scenes. Specifically, we first split the watermarks into message patches. A self-adaptive gate is developed to select the injection positions of the watermark messages. Then, we use an XD (multi-dimensional) injection head to inject multi-modal messages into sorted 3DGS points. To restore watermarking messages, a learnable gate is developed to recognize the watermarked locations, from which our XD-extraction heads are used to restore hidden messages. X-SG$^2$S is the first framework to unify 1D-to-3D watermarking and enable simultaneous multi-modal watermark embedding in 3DGS, achieving this with minimal rendering interference and zero modifications to parameters or pipelines. Extensive experiments demonstrate that X-SG$^2$S effectively preserves consistency between the watermark and the original 3DGS, exhibits robustness against model degradation, and maintains accurate judgment capabilities.

cs.CR↗