Stability of 3D Stratified Plane Couette Flow: A New Lift-up Mechanism and Potential Vorticity
Since the pioneering work of Taylor and Goldstein in 1931 laid the foundation for the study of stratified shear flows, non-parallel configurations have received comparatively little attention. In this article, we study the stability of the three-dimensional Boussinesq system near the plane Couette flow $V^*=(y,0,0)$ under the vertically stratified background $η^*=αz$. The shear and stratification directions are perpendicular. This geometry produces two structural effects that are absent in the parallel configuration: an additional nonlocal coupling in the nonzero-mode system, which prevents the system from having a valid symmetrization structure without reformulation, and a non-parallel/wave-shear coupled lift-up mechanism for the zero modes. The $L^p$ transient growth due to the lift-up effect can be suppressed either by sufficiently strong stratification (when $p>2$), or under suitable assumptions on the initial data (when $p\geq 2$). To study the nonzero-mode system, we introduce a reformulation based on the linearized potential vorticity (PV), a fundamental quantity in geophysical fluid dynamics, to recover a better energy structure. We establish the inviscid damping of $u_{1,\neq}$ and $u_{2,\neq}$. We further apply this method to study the linear stability of the tilted Couette flow. Based on the new formulation through PV, we also investigate the nonlinear stability of the plane Couette flow for Sobolev perturbations on $\mathbb{T}\times\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{T}$. We consider initial data with finite weighted Sobolev norm, where the weight is chosen to suppress the lift-up effect at the linear level, so that transient growth arises only through nonlinear interactions and the nonlinear lift-up can be suppressed by strong stratification.