arXiv subjects

Yuhao Wang

Publications and source records attributed to Yuhao Wang.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources

arXiv2024

MambaPro: Multi-Modal Object Re-Identification with Mamba Aggregation and Synergistic Prompt

Multi-modal object Re-IDentification (ReID) aims to retrieve specific objects by utilizing complementary image information from different modalities. Recently, large-scale pre-trained models like CLIP have demonstrated impressive performance in traditional single-modal object ReID tasks. However, they remain unexplored for multi-modal object ReID. Furthermore, current multi-modal aggregation methods have obvious limitations in dealing with long sequences from different modalities. To address above issues, we introduce a novel framework called MambaPro for multi-modal object ReID. To be specific, we first employ a Parallel Feed-Forward Adapter (PFA) for adapting CLIP to multi-modal object ReID. Then, we propose the Synergistic Residual Prompt (SRP) to guide the joint learning of multi-modal features. Finally, leveraging Mamba's superior scalability for long sequences, we introduce Mamba Aggregation (MA) to efficiently model interactions between different modalities. As a result, MambaPro could extract more robust features with lower complexity. Extensive experiments on three multi-modal object ReID benchmarks (i.e., RGBNT201, RGBNT100 and MSVR310) validate the effectiveness of our proposed methods. The source code is available at https://github.com/924973292/MambaPro.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2024

Adjusting auxiliary variables under approximate neighborhood interference

Randomized experiments are the gold standard for causal inference. However, traditional assumptions, such as the Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption (SUTVA), often fail in real-world settings where interference between units is present. Network interference, in particular, has garnered significant attention. Structural models, like the linear-in-means model, are commonly used to describe interference; but they rely on the correct specification of the model, which can be restrictive. Recent advancements in the literature, such as the Approximate Neighborhood Interference (ANI) framework, offer more flexible approaches by assuming negligible interference from distant units. In this paper, we introduce a general framework for regression adjustment for the network experiments under the ANI assumption. This framework expands traditional regression adjustment by accounting for imbalances in network-based covariates, ensuring precision improvement, and providing shorter confidence intervals. We establish the validity of our approach using a design-based inference framework, which relies solely on randomization of treatment assignments for inference without requiring correctly specified outcome models.

stat.ME↗

arXiv2024

REAR: A Relevance-Aware Retrieval-Augmented Framework for Open-Domain Question Answering

Considering the limited internal parametric knowledge, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been widely used to extend the knowledge scope of large language models (LLMs). Despite the extensive efforts on RAG research, in existing methods, LLMs cannot precisely assess the relevance of retrieved documents, thus likely leading to misleading or even incorrect utilization of external knowledge (eg., retrieved documents). To address this issue, in this paper, we propose REAR, a RElevance-Aware Retrieval-augmented approach for open-domain question answering (QA). As the key motivation, we aim to enhance the self-awareness regarding the reliability of external knowledge for LLMs, so as to adaptively utilize external knowledge in RAG systems. Specially, we develop a novel architecture for LLM-based RAG systems, by incorporating a specially designed assessment module that precisely assesses the relevance of retrieved documents. Furthermore, we propose an improved training method based on bi-granularity relevance fusion and noise-resistant training. By combining the improvements in both architecture and training, our proposed REAR can better utilize external knowledge by effectively perceiving the relevance of retrieved documents. Experiments on four open-domain QA tasks show that REAR significantly outperforms previous a number of competitive RAG approaches. Our codes can be accessed at https://github.com/RUCAIBox/REAR.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Investigating the Factual Knowledge Boundary of Large Language Models with Retrieval Augmentation

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive prowess in solving a wide range of tasks with world knowledge. However, it remains unclear how well LLMs are able to perceive their factual knowledge boundaries, particularly under retrieval augmentation settings. In this study, we present the first analysis on the factual knowledge boundaries of LLMs and how retrieval augmentation affects LLMs on open-domain question answering (QA), with a bunch of important findings. Specifically, we focus on three research questions and analyze them by examining QA, priori judgement and posteriori judgement capabilities of LLMs. We show evidence that LLMs possess unwavering confidence in their knowledge and cannot handle the conflict between internal and external knowledge well. Furthermore, retrieval augmentation proves to be an effective approach in enhancing LLMs' awareness of knowledge boundaries. We further conduct thorough experiments to examine how different factors affect LLMs and propose a simple method to dynamically utilize supporting documents with our judgement strategy. Additionally, we find that the relevance between the supporting documents and the questions significantly impacts LLMs' QA and judgemental capabilities. The code to reproduce this work is available at https://github.com/RUCAIBox/LLM-Knowledge-Boundary.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Self-Calibrated Listwise Reranking with Large Language Models

Large language models (LLMs), with advanced linguistic capabilities, have been employed in reranking tasks through a sequence-to-sequence approach. In this paradigm, multiple passages are reranked in a listwise manner and a textual reranked permutation is generated. However, due to the limited context window of LLMs, this reranking paradigm requires a sliding window strategy to iteratively handle larger candidate sets. This not only increases computational costs but also restricts the LLM from fully capturing all the comparison information for all candidates. To address these challenges, we propose a novel self-calibrated listwise reranking method, which aims to leverage LLMs to produce global relevance scores for ranking. To achieve it, we first propose the relevance-aware listwise reranking framework, which incorporates explicit list-view relevance scores to improve reranking efficiency and enable global comparison across the entire candidate set. Second, to ensure the comparability of the computed scores, we propose self-calibrated training that uses point-view relevance assessments generated internally by the LLM itself to calibrate the list-view relevance assessments. Extensive experiments and comprehensive analysis on the BEIR benchmark and TREC Deep Learning Tracks demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed method.

cs.IR↗

arXiv2024

G3: An Effective and Adaptive Framework for Worldwide Geolocalization Using Large Multi-Modality Models

Worldwide geolocalization aims to locate the precise location at the coordinate level of photos taken anywhere on the Earth. It is very challenging due to 1) the difficulty of capturing subtle location-aware visual semantics, and 2) the heterogeneous geographical distribution of image data. As a result, existing studies have clear limitations when scaled to a worldwide context. They may easily confuse distant images with similar visual contents, or cannot adapt to various locations worldwide with different amounts of relevant data. To resolve these limitations, we propose G3, a novel framework based on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). In particular, G3 consists of three steps, i.e., Geo-alignment, Geo-diversification, and Geo-verification to optimize both retrieval and generation phases of worldwide geolocalization. During Geo-alignment, our solution jointly learns expressive multi-modal representations for images, GPS and textual descriptions, which allows us to capture location-aware semantics for retrieving nearby images for a given query. During Geo-diversification, we leverage a prompt ensembling method that is robust to inconsistent retrieval performance for different image queries. Finally, we combine both retrieved and generated GPS candidates in Geo-verification for location prediction. Experiments on two well-established datasets IM2GPS3k and YFCC4k verify the superiority of G3 compared to other state-of-the-art methods. Our code and data are available online for reproduction.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2024

A Deep Learning-Based Method for Metal Artifact-Resistant Syn-MP-RAGE Contrast Synthesis

In certain brain volumetric studies, synthetic T1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) contrast, derived from quantitative T1 MRI (T1-qMRI), proves highly valuable due to its clear white/gray matter boundaries for brain segmentation. However, generating synthetic MP-RAGE (syn-MP-RAGE) typically requires pairs of high-quality, artifact-free, multi-modality inputs, which can be challenging in retrospective studies, where missing or corrupted data is common. To overcome this limitation, our research explores the feasibility of employing a deep learning-based approach to synthesize syn-MP-RAGE contrast directly from a single channel turbo spin-echo (TSE) input, renowned for its resistance to metal artifacts. We evaluated this deep learning-based synthetic MP-RAGE (DL-Syn-MPR) on 31 non-artifact and 11 metal-artifact subjects. The segmentation results, measured by the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), consistently achieved high agreement (DSC values above 0.83), indicating a strong correlation with reference segmentations, with lower input requirements. Also, no significant difference in segmentation performance was observed between the artifact and non-artifact groups.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2024

Root-n consistent semiparametric learning with high-dimensional nuisance functions under minimal sparsity

Treatment effect estimation under unconfoundedness is a fundamental task in causal inference. In response to the challenge of analyzing high-dimensional datasets collected in substantive fields such as epidemiology, genetics, economics, and social sciences, various methods for treatment effect estimation with high-dimensional nuisance parameters (the outcome regression and the propensity score) have been developed in recent years. However, it is still unclear what is the necessary and sufficient sparsity condition on the nuisance parameters such that we can estimate the treatment effect at $1 / \sqrt{n}$-rate. In this paper, we propose a new Double-Calibration strategy that corrects the estimation bias of the nuisance parameter estimates computed by regularized high-dimensional techniques and demonstrate that the corresponding Doubly-Calibrated estimator achieves $1 / \sqrt{n}$-rate as long as one of the nuisance parameters is sparse with sparsity below $\sqrt{n} / \log p$, where $p$ denotes the ambient dimension of the covariates, whereas the other nuisance parameter can be arbitrarily complex and completely misspecified. The Double-Calibration strategy can also be applied to settings other than treatment effect estimation, e.g. regression coefficient estimation in the presence of a diverging number of controls in a semiparametric partially linear model, and local average treatment effect estimation with instrumental variables.

math.ST↗

arXiv2024

SLO-Aware Task Offloading within Collaborative Vehicle Platoons

In the context of autonomous vehicles (AVs), offloading is essential for guaranteeing the execution of perception tasks, e.g., mobile mapping or object detection. While existing work focused extensively on minimizing inter-vehicle networking latency through offloading, other objectives become relevant in the case of vehicle platoons, e.g., energy efficiency or data quality for heavy-duty or public transport. Therefore, we aim to enforce these Service Level Objectives (SLOs) through intelligent task offloading within AV platoons. We present a collaborative framework for handling and offloading services in a purely Vehicle-to-Vehicle approach (V2V) based on Bayesian Networks (BNs). Each service aggregates local observations into a platoon-wide understanding of how to ensure SLOs for heterogeneous vehicle types. With the resulting models, services can proactively decide to offload if this promises to improve global SLO fulfillment. We evaluate the approach in a real-case setting, where vehicles in a platoon continuously (i.e., every 500 ms) interpret the SLOs of three actual perception services. Our probabilistic, predictive method shows promising results in handling large AV platoons; within seconds, it detects and resolves SLO violations through offloading.

cs.DC↗

arXiv2024

Long-term Causal Inference Under Persistent Confounding via Data Combination

We study the identification and estimation of long-term treatment effects when both experimental and observational data are available. Since the long-term outcome is observed only after a long delay, it is not measured in the experimental data, but only recorded in the observational data. However, both types of data include observations of some short-term outcomes. In this paper, we uniquely tackle the challenge of persistent unmeasured confounders, i.e., some unmeasured confounders that can simultaneously affect the treatment, short-term outcomes and the long-term outcome, noting that they invalidate identification strategies in previous literature. To address this challenge, we exploit the sequential structure of multiple short-term outcomes, and develop three novel identification strategies for the average long-term treatment effect. We further propose three corresponding estimators and prove their asymptotic consistency and asymptotic normality. We finally apply our methods to estimate the effect of a job training program on long-term employment using semi-synthetic data. We numerically show that our proposals outperform existing methods that fail to handle persistent confounders.

stat.ME↗

arXiv2024

TRRG: Towards Truthful Radiology Report Generation With Cross-modal Disease Clue Enhanced Large Language Model

The vision-language modeling capability of multi-modal large language models has attracted wide attention from the community. However, in medical domain, radiology report generation using vision-language models still faces significant challenges due to the imbalanced data distribution caused by numerous negated descriptions in radiology reports and issues such as rough alignment between radiology reports and radiography. In this paper, we propose a truthful radiology report generation framework, namely TRRG, based on stage-wise training for cross-modal disease clue injection into large language models. In pre-training stage, During the pre-training phase, contrastive learning is employed to enhance the ability of visual encoder to perceive fine-grained disease details. In fine-tuning stage, the clue injection module we proposed significantly enhances the disease-oriented perception capability of the large language model by effectively incorporating the robust zero-shot disease perception. Finally, through the cross-modal clue interaction module, our model effectively achieves the multi-granular interaction of visual embeddings and an arbitrary number of disease clue embeddings. This significantly enhances the report generation capability and clinical effectiveness of multi-modal large language models in the field of radiology reportgeneration. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed pre-training and fine-tuning framework achieves state-of-the-art performance in radiology report generation on datasets such as IU-Xray and MIMIC-CXR. Further analysis indicates that our proposed method can effectively enhance the model to perceive diseases and improve its clinical effectiveness.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2024

Med-PMC: Medical Personalized Multi-modal Consultation with a Proactive Ask-First-Observe-Next Paradigm

The application of the Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in medical clinical scenarios remains underexplored. Previous benchmarks only focus on the capacity of the MLLMs in medical visual question-answering (VQA) or report generation and fail to assess the performance of the MLLMs on complex clinical multi-modal tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel Medical Personalized Multi-modal Consultation (Med-PMC) paradigm to evaluate the clinical capacity of the MLLMs. Med-PMC builds a simulated clinical environment where the MLLMs are required to interact with a patient simulator to complete the multi-modal information-gathering and decision-making task. Specifically, the patient simulator is decorated with personalized actors to simulate diverse patients in real scenarios. We conduct extensive experiments to access 12 types of MLLMs, providing a comprehensive view of the MLLMs' clinical performance. We found that current MLLMs fail to gather multimodal information and show potential bias in the decision-making task when consulted with the personalized patient simulators. Further analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of Med-PMC, showing the potential to guide the development of robust and reliable clinical MLLMs. Code and data are available at https://github.com/LiuHC0428/Med-PMC.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Decoding Linguistic Representations of Human Brain

Language, as an information medium created by advanced organisms, has always been a concern of neuroscience regarding how it is represented in the brain. Decoding linguistic representations in the evoked brain has shown groundbreaking achievements, thanks to the rapid improvement of neuroimaging, medical technology, life sciences and artificial intelligence. In this work, we present a taxonomy of brain-to-language decoding of both textual and speech formats. This work integrates two types of research: neuroscience focusing on language understanding and deep learning-based brain decoding. Generating discernible language information from brain activity could not only help those with limited articulation, especially amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients but also open up a new way for the next generation's brain-computer interface (BCI). This article will help brain scientists and deep-learning researchers to gain a bird's eye view of fine-grained language perception, and thus facilitate their further investigation and research of neural process and language decoding.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Mimicking the Mavens: Agent-based Opinion Synthesis and Emotion Prediction for Social Media Influencers

Predicting influencers' views and public sentiment on social media is crucial for anticipating societal trends and guiding strategic responses. This study introduces a novel computational framework to predict opinion leaders' perspectives and the emotive reactions of the populace, addressing the inherent challenges posed by the unstructured, context-sensitive, and heterogeneous nature of online communication. Our research introduces an innovative module that starts with the automatic 5W1H (Where, Who, When, What, Why, and How) questions formulation engine, tailored to emerging news stories and trending topics. We then build a total of 60 anonymous opinion leader agents in six domains and realize the views generation based on an enhanced large language model (LLM) coupled with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Subsequently, we synthesize the potential views of opinion leaders and predicted the emotional responses to different events. The efficacy of our automated 5W1H module is corroborated by an average GPT-4 score of 8.83/10, indicative of high fidelity. The influencer agents exhibit a consistent performance, achieving an average GPT-4 rating of 6.85/10 across evaluative metrics. Utilizing the 'Russia-Ukraine War' as a case study, our methodology accurately foresees key influencers' perspectives and aligns emotional predictions with real-world sentiment trends in various domains.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2024

Scientific Large Language Models: A Survey on Biological & Chemical Domains

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a transformative power in enhancing natural language comprehension, representing a significant stride toward artificial general intelligence. The application of LLMs extends beyond conventional linguistic boundaries, encompassing specialized linguistic systems developed within various scientific disciplines. This growing interest has led to the advent of scientific LLMs, a novel subclass specifically engineered for facilitating scientific discovery. As a burgeoning area in the community of AI for Science, scientific LLMs warrant comprehensive exploration. However, a systematic and up-to-date survey introducing them is currently lacking. In this paper, we endeavor to methodically delineate the concept of "scientific language", whilst providing a thorough review of the latest advancements in scientific LLMs. Given the expansive realm of scientific disciplines, our analysis adopts a focused lens, concentrating on the biological and chemical domains. This includes an in-depth examination of LLMs for textual knowledge, small molecules, macromolecular proteins, genomic sequences, and their combinations, analyzing them in terms of model architectures, capabilities, datasets, and evaluation. Finally, we critically examine the prevailing challenges and point out promising research directions along with the advances of LLMs. By offering a comprehensive overview of technical developments in this field, this survey aspires to be an invaluable resource for researchers navigating the intricate landscape of scientific LLMs.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Automatic Interactive Evaluation for Large Language Models with State Aware Patient Simulator

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in human interactions, yet their application within the medical field remains insufficiently explored. Previous works mainly focus on the performance of medical knowledge with examinations, which is far from the realistic scenarios, falling short in assessing the abilities of LLMs on clinical tasks. In the quest to enhance the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare, this paper introduces the Automated Interactive Evaluation (AIE) framework and the State-Aware Patient Simulator (SAPS), targeting the gap between traditional LLM evaluations and the nuanced demands of clinical practice. Unlike prior methods that rely on static medical knowledge assessments, AIE and SAPS provide a dynamic, realistic platform for assessing LLMs through multi-turn doctor-patient simulations. This approach offers a closer approximation to real clinical scenarios and allows for a detailed analysis of LLM behaviors in response to complex patient interactions. Our extensive experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of the AIE framework, with outcomes that align well with human evaluations, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical LLM testing for improved healthcare delivery.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Optimal Computing Budget Allocation for Data-driven Ranking and Selection

In a fixed budget ranking and Selection (R&S) problem, one aims to identify the best design among a finite number of candidates by efficiently allocating the given computing budget to evaluate design performance. Classical methods for R&S usually assume the distribution of the randomness in the system is exactly known. In this paper, we consider the practical scenario where the true distribution is unknown but can be estimated from streaming input data that arrive in batches over time. We formulate the R&S problem in this dynamic setting as a multi-stage problem, where we adopt the Bayesian approach to estimate the distribution and formulate a stage-wise optimization problem to allocate the computing budget. We characterize the optimality conditions for the stage-wise problem by applying the large deviations theory to maximize the decay rate of probability of false selection. Based on the optimality conditions and combined with the updating of distribution estimates, we design two sequential budget allocation procedures for R&S under streaming input data. We theoretically guarantee the consistency and asymptotic optimality of the proposed procedures. We demonstrate the practical efficiency through numerical experiments in comparison with the equal allocation policy and an extension of the Optimal Computing Budget Allocation algorithm.

math.OC↗

arXiv2024

LLMBox: A Comprehensive Library for Large Language Models

To facilitate the research on large language models (LLMs), this paper presents a comprehensive and unified library, LLMBox, to ease the development, use, and evaluation of LLMs. This library is featured with three main merits: (1) a unified data interface that supports the flexible implementation of various training strategies, (2) a comprehensive evaluation that covers extensive tasks, datasets, and models, and (3) more practical consideration, especially on user-friendliness and efficiency. With our library, users can easily reproduce existing methods, train new models, and conduct comprehensive performance comparisons. To rigorously test LLMBox, we conduct extensive experiments in a diverse coverage of evaluation settings, and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our library in supporting various implementations related to LLMs. The detailed introduction and usage guidance can be found at https://github.com/RUCAIBox/LLMBox.

cs.CL↗