Turing bifurcation, criticality, and multistability in a nonlocal advection-reaction-diffusion equation
This paper considers a nonlocal advection--reaction--diffusion equation with logistic growth. We investigate how the interaction kernel affects the criticality of Turing bifurcations and the associated multistability. We first prove that nonhomogeneous stationary solutions bifurcate from the positive homogeneous stationary solution. Center manifold reduction yields an amplitude equation near the bifurcation point. This equation provides criteria for supercritical and subcritical bifurcations in terms of the Fourier transform of the interaction kernel. We also derive a sufficient condition for subcriticality. This condition can be satisfied by sufficiently localized attractive interactions. Based on these analytical results, we investigate multistability through numerical bifurcation analysis. The numerical results show that the stable homogeneous stationary solution can coexist with stable nonhomogeneous stationary solutions or stable time-periodic solutions.