UniFAR: A Unified Facet-Aware Retrieval Framework for Scientific Documents
Scientific document retrieval (SDR) plays a critical role in modern scientific research, supporting knowledge discovery and evidence-based reasoning. It has evolved along two paradigms: document--document (doc-doc) retrieval driven by inter-document contrastive learning, and question--document (q-doc) retrieval emerging from LLMs and RAG for natural-language interaction. In practice, scientific workflows rely on both paradigms, requiring retrieval of related papers given a seed document and identifying relevant documents given a user question. However, existing methods typically treat these paradigms separately, hindering their complementary strengths. To address this, we propose UniFAR, a unified facet-aware retrieval framework that jointly supports doc-doc and q-doc retrieval within a shared representation space. UniFAR introduces a multi-granularity representation and aggregation module to unify the encoding of short questions and long documents, and a facet-level modeling mechanism with learnable anchors to capture structured semantic roles and complex user intents. It further adopts a facet-aware joint training strategy that integrates doc-doc and q-doc contrastive objectives with facet-level alignment, enabling unified learning from both inter-document relations and question-oriented supervision. Experiments on three benchmark datasets under both doc-doc and q-doc settings across multiple backbone models show that UniFAR consistently outperforms strong baselines and generalizes effectively across different backbones.