Capillary Rise and Imbibition of Liquids in Nanoporous Matrices: Rheological Concepts and Experiments

Abstract

Liquid flow propelled by capillary forces is one of the most important transport mechanisms in porous environments. It is governed by a fascinating interplay of interfacial, viscous drag as well as gravitational forces which liquids encounter upon invasion into geometries with often complex topologies, such as capillary networks of trees or interconnected fractures in soils and ice. Here, we present fundamentals, concepts and an experimental, gravimetric study on the capillarity-driven invasion dynamics of liquids in networks of pores a few nanometers across in monolithic, nanoporous silica glass (porous Vycor). A variation of the complexity of the building blocks of the liquids investigated along with a variation of the humidity and the temperature upon spontaneous imbibition allows us to gain information regarding the fluidity and capillarity of liquids in such nanoporous environments. We observe square-root of time imbibition dynamics for all liquids applied, which we can quantitatively describe by both a conserved bulk fluidity in the pore center and bulk capillarity at the advancing menisci, if we assume a sticky boundary layer (negative velocity slip length). Moreover, pecularities of nanopore-confined liquids, such as transport via the vapor phase leading to preadsorbed liquid layers, have to be properly accounted for. Upon increasing the chain-length in the case of the n-alkanes, we found hints towards a transition from stick- to slip-flow at the pore walls with increasing chain-length and thus polymeric behavior. Meniscus freezing is reported for n-tetracosane confined in porous Vycor. For the rheology of a rod-like liquid nematogen (8OCB) we found no hints of the viscosity drop upon entering into the nematic phase, typical of the bulk rheology of this liquid crystal.