The free energy of a quantum Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin-glass model for weak disorder

Abstract

We extend two rigorous results of Aizenman, Lebowitz, and Ruelle in their pioneering paper of 1987 on the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin-glass model without external magnetic field to the quantum case with a "transverse field" of strength $b$. More precisely, if the Gaussian disorder is weak in the sense that its standard deviation $v>0$ is smaller than the temperature $1/β$, then the (random) free energy almost surely equals the annealed free energy in the macroscopic limit and there is no spin-glass phase for any $b/v\geq0$. The macroscopic annealed free energy (times $β$) turns out to be non-trivial and given, for any $βv>0$, by the global minimum of a certain functional of square-integrable functions on the unit square according to a Varadhan large-deviation principle. For $βv<1$ we determine this minimum up to the order $(βv)^4$ with the Taylor coefficients explicitly given as functions of $βb$ and with a remainder not exceeding $(βv)^6/16$. As a by-product we prove that the so-called static approximation to the minimization problem yields the wrong $βb$-dependence even to lowest order. Our main tool for dealing with the non-commutativity of the spin-operator components is a probabilistic representation of the Boltzmann-Gibbs operator by a Feynman-Kac (path-integral) formula based on an independent collection of Poisson processes in the positive half-line with common rate $βb$. Its essence dates back to Kac in 1956, but the formula was published only in 1989 by Gaveau and Schulman.