Plastic forming of metals at the nanoscale: interdiffusion-induced bending of bimetallic nanowhiskers

Abstract

Controlled plastic forming of nanoscale metallic objects by applying mechanical load is a challenge, since defect-free nanocrystals usually yield at near theoretical shear strength, followed by an uncontrolled catastrophic failure. Herein, instead of mechanical load, we utilize chemical stress from imbalanced interdiffusion to manipulate the shape of nanowhiskers. Bimetallic Au-Fe nanowhiskers with an ultra-high bending strength were synthesized employing the molecular beam epitaxy technique. The one-sided Fe coating on the defect-free, single-crystalline Au nanowhisker exhibited both single- and poly-crystalline regions. Annealing the bimetallic nanowhiskers at elevated temperatures led to gradual change of curvature and irreversible bending, which is attributed to the grain boundary Kirkendall effect during the diffusion of Au along the grain boundaries in the Fe layer. The results of this study demonstrate a high potential of chemical interdiffusion in the controlled plastic forming of ultra-strong metal nanostructures.