A fast tracking code for evaluating collective effects in linear accelerators

Abstract

The demands on performance of advanced linear accelerator based facilities strongly depend on the quality of the particle beams produced by such machines. Indeed, state-of-the-art applications in photon production and high-energy physics colliders require to use very high brightness electron beams, implying the coexistence of high peak currents and small transverse emittances. In such systems, the nominal phase-space density may be diluted by the presence of self-induced electromagnetic fields, causing interaction among charged particles through space charge forces and the excitation of wakefields. The two sources of collective effects may both be present in significant levels, and be coupled by the strong externally applied transverse and longitudinal fields present in modern high gradient linear accelerators. Thus, beam dynamics studies investigating all relevant effects, applied and collective, are necessary to predict the operational limitations of a given instrument. Such modeling, involving a large number of computational particles, can require significant numerical resources. In this paper we present a fast tracking code which permits accurate evaluation of wakefield effects in rf linacs, while also including a simple, robust model for space-charge forces to streamline the computations. The features of such a tool are discussed in detail in this paper and comparisons with more time-intensive commonly used tracking codes or analytical models are utilized to validate the approach we introduce. In addition, the applications motivating the development of this code define unique and challenging scenarios from the perspective of beam physics. Specifically, the fast simulation framework developed in this paper aims to describe intense electron beams injected at low energy in high-gradient accelerating structures which introduce strong rf focusing as well as strong wakefield interactions.