Search arXiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2307.15623

Control-mode as a Grid Service in Software-defined Power Grids: GFL vs GFM

Guoxuan Cui·Zhongda Chu·Fei Teng
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

In power systems with high penetration of power electronics, grid-forming control is proposed to replace traditional Grid-Following Converter (GFL) in order to improve the overall system strength and resist small-signal instability in weak grids by directly forming the terminal voltage. However, sufficient headroom of both active and reactive power must be made available for Grid-Forming Converter (GFM) to operate, potentially leading to sub-optimal operation in steady states. This presents a new research problem to optimally allocate between GFM and GFL to balance the ability of GFMs to improve the grid strength and the potential economic loss resulting from reserved headroom. An optimization framework under software-defined grids is proposed, for the first time, to dynamically determine the optimal allocation of GFMs and GFLs in power systems at each time step of system scheduling according to system conditions, which ensures both system stability and minimum operational cost. To achieve this, the system scheduling model is expanded to simultaneously consider the constraints related to active and reactive power reserves for GFMs, as well as the system level stability. Case studies conducted on the modified IEEE 30-bus system demonstrate significant economic benefits in that the optimal proportion of GFMs in the power system can be dynamically determined while ensuring power reserve and grid stability constraints.

Explore related subjects

eess.SYcs.SY

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Guoxuan Cui, Zhongda Chu, Fei Teng. 2023-07-28. Control-mode as a Grid Service in Software-defined Power Grids: GFL vs GFM. https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.15623

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Ensuring Stability of Non-Minimal Modes in Input-Output Data-Driven Representation

Many recent data-driven control approaches for linear time-invariant systems are based on output trajectory prediction using input-output data matrices. The system dynamics described by this predictor, which we refer to as the input-output data-driven representation, yields non-unique autoregressive with exogenous inputs (ARX) models having possibly unstable non-minimal modes. In this note, we show that the stability of these non-minimal modes is ensured by a certain choice of ARX model, which coincides with the minimum-norm least-squares predictor using the Moore-Penrose inverse of the data matrix. This stability guarantee holds regardless of the underlying system's stability. Moreover, the stability persists under sufficiently small noise in data when a suitably truncated Moore-Penrose inverse is used. Consequently, the ARX model need not be reduced to the true system order in order to avoid unstable additional modes.

eess.SY↗
arXiv2026

Optimization-Based Formation Flight on Libration Point Orbits

A model predictive control (MPC) framework is developed for station-keeping in spacecraft formation flight along libration point orbits. At each control period, the MPC policy solves a multi-vehicle optimal control problem (MVOCP) that tracks a reference trajectory, while enforcing path constraints on the relative motion of the formation. The control policy makes use of a limited set of control nodes consistent with operational constraints that allow only a small number of maneuver opportunities per revolution. To promote recursive feasibility, path constraints are progressively tightened across the prediction horizon. An isoperimetric reformulation of the constraints is used to prevent inter-sample violations. The resulting MVOCP is a nonconvex program, which is solved via sequential convex programming. The proposed approach is evaluated in a high-fidelity ephemeris model under uncertainties for a formation along the near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO), and subject to path constraints on inter-spacecraft separation and relative Sun phase angle. The results demonstrate maintenance of a spacecraft formation that satisfies the path constraints with realistic cumulative propellant consumption.

eess.SY↗
arXiv2026

Certificates Synthesis for A Class of Observational Properties in Stochastic Systems: A Unified Approach

In this paper, we investigate the probabilistic formal verification of stochastic dynamical systems over continuous state spaces. Motivated by problems in state estimation and information-flow security, we introduce the notion of observational properties, which characterize the inferences an external observer can draw from system outputs. These properties are formulated as probabilistic hyperproperties based on HyperLTL over finite traces, yielding a unified framework that subsumes several existing notions studied separately in the literature. We reduce the verification problem to reachability analysis over an augmented structure that integrates the system dynamics with an automaton representation of the specification. Building on this construction, we develop stochastic barrier certificates that provide probabilistic guarantees for property satisfaction while avoiding explicit state-space discretization. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through a case study.

eess.SY↗