An Improved Line-Point Low-Degree Test

Abstract

We prove that the most natural low-degree test for polynomials over finite fields is ``robust'' in the high-error regime for linear-sized fields. Specifically we consider the ``local'' agreement of a function $f: \mathbb{F}_q^m \to \mathbb{F}_q$ from the space of degree-$d$ polynomials, i.e., the expected agreement of the function from univariate degree-$d$ polynomials over a randomly chosen line in $\mathbb{F}_q^m$, and prove that if this local agreement is $\epsilon \geq \Omega((\frac{d}{q})^\tau))$ for some fixed $\tau > 0$, then there is a global degree-$d$ polynomial $Q: \mathbb{F}_q^m \to \mathbb{F}_q$ with agreement nearly $\epsilon$ with $f$. This settles a long-standing open question in the area of low-degree testing, yielding an $O(d)$-query robust test in the ``high-error'' regime (i.e., when $\epsilon < \frac{1}{2}$). The previous results in this space either required $\epsilon > \frac{1}{2}$ (Polishchuk \& Spielman, STOC 1994), or $q = \Omega(d^4)$ (Arora \& Sudan, Combinatorica 2003), or needed to measure local distance on $2$-dimensional ``planes'' rather than one-dimensional lines leading to $\Omega(d^2)$-query complexity (Raz \& Safra, STOC 1997). Our analysis follows the spirit of most previous analyses in first analyzing the low-variable case ($m = O(1)$) and then ``bootstrapping'' to general multivariate settings. Our main technical novelty is a new analysis in the bivariate setting that exploits a previously known connection between multivariate factorization and finding (or testing) low-degree polynomials, in a non ``black-box'' manner. A second contribution is a bootstrapping analysis which manages to lift analyses for $m=2$ directly to analyses for general $m$, where previous works needed to work with $m = 3$ or $m = 4$ -- arguably this bootstrapping is significantly simpler than those in prior works.