A dual approach to nonparametric characterization for random utility models

Abstract

This paper develops a novel characterization for random utility models (RUM), which turns out to be a dual representation of the characterization by Kitamura and Stoye (2018, ECMA). For a given family of budgets and its "patch" representation á la Kitamura and Stoye, we construct a matrix $Ξ$ of which each row vector indicates the structure of possible revealed preference relations in each subfamily of budgets. Then, it is shown that a stochastic demand system on the patches of budget lines, say $π$, is consistent with a RUM, if and only if $Ξπ\geq \mathbb{1}$, where the RHS is the vector of $1$'s. In addition to providing a concise quantifier-free characterization, especially when $π$ is inconsistent with RUMs, the vector $Ξπ$ also contains information concerning (1) sub-families of budgets in which cyclical choices must occur with positive probabilities, and (2) the maximal possible weights on rational choice patterns in a population. The notion of Chvátal rank of polytopes and the duality theorem in linear programming play key roles to obtain these results.