Embedding theory contributions to average atom models for warm dense matter

Abstract

Accurate modeling in the warm dense matter regime is a persistent challenge with the most detailed models such as quantum molecular dynamics and path integral Monte Carlo being immensely computationally expensive. Density functional theory (DFT)-based average atom models (AAM) offer significant speed-ups in calculation times while still retaining fair accuracy in evaluating equations of state, mean ionizations, and more. Despite their success, AAMs struggle to precisely account for electronic interactions -- in particular, they do not account for effects on the kinetic energy arising from overlaps in neighboring atom densities. We aim to enhance these models by including such interactions via the non-additive kinetic potential $v^{\rm nadd}$ as in DFT embedding theories. $v^{\rm nadd}$ can be computed using Thomas-Fermi, von Weizsäcker, or more sophisticated kinetic energy functionals. The proposed model introduces $v^{\rm nadd}$ as a novel interaction term in existing ion-correlation models, which include interactions beyond the central atom. We have applied this model to hydrogen at 5 eV and densities ranging 0.008 to 0.8 g/cm$^3$, and investigated the effects of $v^{\rm nadd}$ on electron densities, Kohn-Sham energy level shifts, mean ionization, and total energies.