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arXiv · 2412.14373

ECG-Byte: A Tokenizer for End-to-End Generative Electrocardiogram Language Modeling

William Han·Chaojing Duan·Michael A. Rosenberg·Emerson Liu·Ding Zhao
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Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional versatility across domains, including applications to electrocardiograms (ECGs). A growing body of work focuses on generating text from multi-channeled ECG signals and corresponding textual prompts. Existing approaches often involve a two-stage process: pretraining an ECG-specific encoder with a self-supervised learning (SSL) objective, followed by finetuning an LLM for natural language generation (NLG) using encoder-derived features. However, these methods face two key limitations: inefficiency due to multi-stage training and challenges in interpreting encoder-generated features. To overcome these issues, we propose ECG-Byte, an adapted byte pair encoding (BPE) tokenizer pipeline for autoregressive language modeling of ECGs. ECG-Byte compresses and encodes ECG signals into tokens, enabling direct end-to-end LLM training by combining ECG and text tokens. This approach enhances interpretability, as ECG tokens can be directly mapped back to the original signals. Leveraging ECG-Byte, we achieve competitive NLG performance while training 3 times faster and using just 48\% of the data required by traditional two-stage methods.

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William Han, Chaojing Duan, Michael A. Rosenberg, Emerson Liu, Ding Zhao. 2025-07-29. ECG-Byte: A Tokenizer for End-to-End Generative Electrocardiogram Language Modeling. https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14373

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