Discovery of Ancient Globular Cluster Candidates in the Relic, a Quiescent Galaxy at $z=2.5$

Katherine E. Whitaker; Sam E. Cutler; Rupali Chandar; Richard Pan; David J. Setton; Lukas J. Furtak; Rachel Bezanson; Ivo Labbé; Joel Leja; Katherine A. Suess; Bingjie Wang; John R. Weaver; Hakim Atek; Gabriel B. Brammer; Robert Feldmann; Natascha M. Förster Schreiber; Karl Glazebrook; Anna de Graaff; Jenny E. Greene; Gourav Khullar; Danilo Marchesini; Michael V. Maseda; Tim B. Miller; Houjun Mo; Lamiya A. Mowla; Themiya Nanayakkara; Erica J. Nelson; Sedona H. Price; Francesca Rizzo; Pieter van Dokkum; Christina C. Williams; Yanzhe Zhang; Yunchong Zhang; Adi Zitrin

arXiv · 2501.07627

Discovery of Ancient Globular Cluster Candidates in the Relic, a Quiescent Galaxy at $z=2.5$

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Abstract

Globular clusters (GCs) are some of the oldest bound structures in the Universe, holding clues to the earliest epochs of star formation and galaxy assembly. However, accurate age measurements of ancient clusters are challenging due to the age-metallicity degeneracy. Here, we report the discovery of 36 compact stellar systems within the 'Relic', a massive, quiescent galaxy at $z=2.53$. The Relic resides in an overdensity behind the Abell~2744 cluster, with a prominent tidal tail extending towards two low-mass companions. Using deep data from the UNCOVER/MegaScience JWST Surveys, we find that clusters formed in age intervals ranging from 8~Myr up to $\sim2$~Gyr, suggesting a rich formation history starting at $z\sim10$. While the cluster-based star formation history is broadly consistent with the high past star formation rates derived from the diffuse host galaxy light, one potential discrepancy is a tentative $\sim2-3\times$ higher rate in the cluster population for the past Gyr. Taken together with the spatial distribution and low inferred metallicities of these young-to-intermediate age clusters, we may be seeing direct evidence for the accretion of star clusters in addition to their early in situ formation. The cluster masses are high, $\sim10^6-10^7~M_{\odot}$, which may explain why we are able to detect them around this likely post-merger galaxy. Overall, the Relic clusters are consistent with being precursors of the most-massive present-day GCs. This unique laboratory enables the first connection between long-lived, high-redshift clusters and local stellar populations, offering insights into the early stages of GC evolution and the broader processes of galaxy assembly.

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Katherine E. Whitaker, Sam E. Cutler, Rupali Chandar, Richard Pan, David J. Setton, Lukas J. Furtak, Rachel Bezanson, Ivo Labbé, Joel Leja, Katherine A. Suess, Bingjie Wang, John R. Weaver, Hakim Atek, Gabriel B. Brammer, Robert Feldmann, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Karl Glazebrook, Anna de Graaff, Jenny E. Greene, Gourav Khullar, Danilo Marchesini, Michael V. Maseda, Tim B. Miller, Houjun Mo, Lamiya A. Mowla, Themiya Nanayakkara, Erica J. Nelson, Sedona H. Price, Francesca Rizzo, Pieter van Dokkum, Christina C. Williams, Yanzhe Zhang, Yunchong Zhang, Adi Zitrin. 2026-03-27. Discovery of Ancient Globular Cluster Candidates in the Relic, a Quiescent Galaxy at $z=2.5$. https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.07627

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