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Adi Zitrin

Publications and source records attributed to Adi Zitrin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Calcium Triplet Absorption is Common around Little Red Dots

We present new evidence for an optically thick atmosphere surrounding Little Red Dots (LRDs) in the form of Ca absorption at rest-frame 8500A, the calcium triplet (CaT). Building on the detection of CaT absorption in one local LRD analog (the "Egg", Lin et. al. 2025), we investigate the region around rest-frame 8500A for an archival sample of 17 LRDs ($2 < z < 5$) with JWST/NIRSpec grating data. We detect CaT absorption in three individual sources, and find that on average there is an absorption equivalent width (EW) EW$_{\rm CaT} \approx -5$ A. Among the three detections, two are approaching the deepest absorption seen in integrated light from stars. Given that the continuum around CaT is probably dominated by the central engine, we argue that the absorbers are likely to be associated with the LRD. Such absorption has not historically been associated with any components of an AGN central engine, but a cool, optically thick photosphere as proposed for LRDs would naturally produce such absorption. The EW$_{\rm CaT}$ that we observe can be matched by hydrostatic atmosphere models at relatively low metallicity ([M/H]$<-1$) combined with an effective temperature $T_{\rm eff} > 4500$ K. Alternatively, the distribution can be matched at a low photospheric gas density $ρ_{\rm ph}<10^{-11}{\rm~g~cm^{-3}}$ that requires a non-hydrostatic gas structure on dynamical grounds. In the future, metal absorption lines should be a powerful complementary probe of the gas conditions, and possibly the enclosed mass, of LRDs.

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Spatially Resolved Physical Properties of Young Star Clusters and Star-forming Clumps in the Brightest z>6 Galaxy, the Strongly Lensed Cosmic Spear at z=6.2

We present spatially resolved analysis of stellar populations in the brightest $z>6$ galaxy known to date (AB mag 23), the strongly lensed MACS0308$-$zD1 (dubbed the ``Cosmic Spear'') at $z_{\rm spec}=6.2$. New JWST NIRCam imaging and high-resolution NIRSpec IFU spectroscopy span the rest-frame ultraviolet to optical. The NIRCam imaging reveals bright star-forming clumps and a tail consisting of three distinct, extremely compact star clusters that are multiply-imaged by gravitational lensing. The star clusters have delensed effective radii of $R_{\rm{eff}} \lesssim 8$ pc, stellar masses of $M_{*} \sim 10^{6}-10^{7}\,M_{\odot}$, and high stellar mass surface densities of $Σ_{*} \gtrsim 2\times 10^{4}\,M_{\odot}~\rm{pc}^{-2}$. While their stellar populations are very young ($\sim 6-11$ Myr), their dynamical ages exceed unity, consistent with the clusters being gravitationally bound systems. Placing the star clusters in the size vs.~stellar mass density plane, we find they occupy a region similar to other high-redshift star clusters within galaxies observed recently with JWST, being significantly more massive and denser than local star clusters. Spatially resolved analysis of the brightest clump reveals a compact, intensely star-forming core. The ionizing photon production efficiency ($ξ_{\rm{ion}}$) is slightly suppressed in this central region, potentially indicating a locally elevated Lyman continuum escape fraction facilitated by feedback-driven channels.

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Balmer Absorption Series and Broad Metal Lines in Two Luminous Little Red Dots

Balmer absorption is common among little red dots (LRDs), but absorbers at or redward of systemic are rare, occurring in only $\sim10-15$\% of H$α$ absorbers. In this paper, we study two such exceptional cases with deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy: 15 hr of high-resolution (G395H) observations of RUBIES-EGS-49140 (z=6.68), resolving the absorption in all four transitions from H$α$ through H$δ$, and medium-resolution spectroscopy (10 hr of G235M, 2 hr of G395M) of UNCOVER-A2744-45924 (z=4.46; 1.7x magnification). Both sources are among the optically reddest and most luminous LRDs known, and both show deep, near-systemic Balmer absorption troughs. We find two systematic trends along the Balmer series: the absorption centroids become more redshifted toward higher-order transitions, while the absorbed equivalent widths decline only weakly with increasing order, far less than expected from the atomic optical-depth ratios for a single attenuating screen. Ca\,{\sc{ii}}\,K is detected in absorption in both sources, whose offset follows the H$α$ trough rather than the more redshifted higher-order Balmer lines. We further report the detection of a broad base in [Ne\,{\sc{iii}}]\,$λ$3870, along with broad [O\,{\sc{iii}}]\,$λ$4364, [O\,{\sc{iii}}]\,$\lambda5008$, and He\,{\sc{i}}\,$\lambda5877,\lambda7067$, while He\,{\sc{ii}}\,$λ$4687 remains undetected or weak. Standard AGN photoionization models cannot reproduce the observed line ratios, whereas AGNs with high gas densities provide a consistent explanation, as also indicated by the anomalously high He\,{\sc{i}}\,$\lambda7067/\lambda5877$ ratio. A possible explanation for the relative strengths of the Balmer absorption lines could be a dense, optically thick medium whose re-emission modifies their apparent absorption strengths, while the velocity progression may arise from stratification in the absorbing gas.

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Resolving 3 Exotic Hyperbolic-Umbilic Lensing Configurations in the "Cosmic Mantis": An Exploration of RXJ0437.1+0043 with JWST

We present an updated strong lensing model for the galaxy cluster RXJ0437.1+0043 (z=0.285) using new JWST NIRCam imaging in four pass-bands. The cluster field notably displays at least three separate gravitationally lensed galaxies in hyperbolic-umbilic (H-U) configurations, which in the JWST imaging show exquisitely resolved stellar clumps at scales as small as 0.04''. We identify 13 new systems of multiply-imaged lensed galaxies and determine the redshifts for two sources based on archival spectroscopic observations. We also identify over 50 individually resolved substructure clumps in the multiple images of eight galaxies and add them into the lens model, for a total of 275 positional lensing constraints between all 26 lensed sources used in the model. We investigate the impact of different modeling choices on our results. In the final lens model, we reproduce the observed multiple images with a precision of 0.23'' , and achieve 0.13'' specifically for the H-U systems. We estimate a total enclosed mass in the cluster's strong lensing regime of M(<110 kpc) ~ 8.2 x 10^13 Msun, reconstruct the source images of the most highly magnified galaxies, and measure time delays in the most magnified, morphologically detailed systems. The isotropic lensing effect from the H-U configurations enables future detailed studies of the properties of their source galaxies, and the number and spatial density of additional constraints improve the model's ability to detect dark matter substructures within the cluster core.

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Strong Gravitational Lensing with the James Webb Space Telescope

The theory of General Relativity predicts that, since massive bodies curve spacetime, light from a distant source would be deflected by a foreground massive object -- a phenomenon known as \emph{Gravitational Lensing}. Historically, the strength of deflection of light from background stars by the sun, during the 1919 solar eclipse, supplied one of the first proofs for the theory of General Relativity. However, it is only in the last few decades, with the advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and other large, ground-based facilities, that lensing has become a principal tool in modern astronomy. Lensing allows us to study both the matter content of the lensing bodies such as galaxies or clusters of galaxies, mainly dominated by the otherwise-invisible \emph{dark matter}, and the distant background sources that are being lensed by them. Strong gravitational lensing, where sources are substantially magnified and multiply imaged, is particularly useful to that end. The substantial magnification enables a high-resolution view of the sources and the detection of fainter and farther objects than would otherwise be possible; and image multiplicity helps in verifying the distance to them, and in studying variable or transient sources. Paired with the unprecedented capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), lensing now allows us to observe, detect, and study distant sources like never before. I summarise recent advances in strong-lensing applications and near-future prospects with JWST.

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SN 2022riv in RX J2129: Discovery, Spectroscopic Classification, and Microlensing of a Strongly Lensed Type Ia Supernova from JWST and HST Observations

The multiply imaged SN 2022riv was discovered through a search of galaxy cluster fields as part of a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) SNAP program to find highly magnified stars. The supernova (SN) was detected in the image corresponding to the longest time delay of a galaxy at redshift $z=1.522$ strongly lensed by the foreground galaxy cluster RX J2129.7+0005. Follow up James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRSpec G140M and PRISM spectroscopy yields a Type Ia SN classification. Using the SALT3-NIR light-curve fitter, we obtain a cosmology-independent measurement of the magnification of $5.35\pm1.01$ for the last-to-arrive image of the SN, with multiple SALT SN spectral time-series models yielding consistent constraints. The last-to-arrive image of SN 2022riv we detect appeared adjacent to the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) at a location with an exceptionally high stellar mass density ($\sim 1-2$ dex higher than that of SN Refsdal), where microlensing is expected to introduce a 20-50% modulation of the magnification. Analyzing six independent lens models of the cluster, we find that four predict the magnification with much greater precision ($p < 0.05$) than would be expected by random chance, given the large effect anticipated from microlensing. Five models yield magnifications of roughly $4-7$ (within $1σ$) prior to accounting for microlensing, whereas HoliGRALE favors a significantly higher value of $15.39 \pm 0.85$. After incorporating nominal microlensing, the HoliGRALE prediction is within $1σ$ tension with our measurement. A companion paper (Dalrymple et al.) will present constraints on the relative time delay of the image that arrived earlier.

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PASSAGES: The Discovery of a Strongly Lensed Protocluster Core Candidate at Cosmic Noon

Investigating the processes by which galaxies rapidly build up their stellar mass during the peak of their star formation ($z=2-3$) is crucial to advancing our understanding of the assembly of large-scale structures. We report the discovery of one of the most gas- and dust-rich protocluster core candidates, PJ0846+15 (J0846), from the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally lensed Extreme Starbursts (PASSAGES) sample. The exceedingly high total star formation rate (SFR) uncorrected for lensing magnification ($μ$) of $μ\text{SFR} = 39900^{+23000}_{-12900} \text{ M}_\odot\text{ yr}^{-1}$ is the result of a foreground cluster lensing at least 11 dusty star-forming galaxies between $z=2.660-2.669$, where the intrinsic value is estimated to be $\text{SFR} = 5200^{+3200}_{-2000} \text{ M}_\odot\text{ yr}^{-1}$. Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations uncovered 18 CO(3--2) emission-line detections, some of which are multiply-imaged systems, lensed by a foreground cluster at $z=0.77$. We present the first multi-wavelength characterization of this field, constructing a lens model that predicts that these 11 galaxies ($μ\simeq 1.5-25$) are contained within a projected physical extent of $280 \times 150 \text{ kpc}$, with a velocity dispersion of $σ_{v} = 246 \pm 72 \text{ km s}^{-1}$. J0846 exhibits the rare case of a protocluster candidate whose core is strongly-lensed, offering a magnified view of the rapid stellar buildup within an overdense environment at Cosmic Noon.

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VENUS: A Strongly Lensed Clumpy Galaxy at $z\sim11-12$ behind the Galaxy Cluster MACS J0257.1-2325

We present the discovery of a strongly lensed galaxy at $z\sim11-12$, dubbed the ``Misty Moons'', identified in the JWST Treasury Survey, Vast Exploration for Nascent, Unexplored Sources (VENUS). The Misty Moons is gravitationally lensed by the galaxy cluster MACS J0257.1-2325 at $z=0.505$, and has five multiple images suggested by two independent lensing models. Two of the five images, ID1 and ID2 ($μ\sim 20-30$), are very bright (F200W$\sim26$ AB mag) and exhibit blue SEDs with prominent Ly$α$ breaks. In the source plane, the Misty Moons is a sub-$L^*$ galaxy ($M_{\rm UV}\sim-18.0$ mag) resolved into multiple stellar clumps, each of which has an effective radius of $r_\mathrm{eff}\sim 10-70$ pc and a stellar mass of $\sim10^7\ M_\odot$. These clumps dominate the stellar mass budget of the Misty Moons ($\gtrsim80\%$), similar to other high-$z$ clumps, which suggests a highly clustered mode of star formation in the early Universe, unlike seen in local dwarf galaxies. We convolve the source-plane image with the JWST/NIRCam point-spread function to produce a mock NIRCam image of the Misty Moons without lensing magnification, and find that the intrinsic galaxy has a radial surface-brightness profile comparable to those of $z\gtrsim10$ faint galaxies, such as JADES-GS-z13-0 and JADES-GS-z14-1, indicating that the Misty Moons represents a typical $z\gtrsim10$ faint galaxy. The Misty Moons, a lensed galaxy with resolved internal structures, provides an ideal laboratory for exploring the early stages of galaxy formation at $z\gtrsim10$.

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VENUS: an ultra-faint galaxy hosting the metal-poor type II supernova at $z=5.13$ Witnessing the initial metal enrichment with extremely frequent core-collapse supernovae?

We present the first characterization of the host galaxy of a recently discovered type IIP SN at $z=5.13$ (SN Eos). SN Eos and its host galaxy are gravitationally lensed and multiply imaged. The total magnification $μ\sim53$ enables spatially resolving the system, allowing us to localize the core-collapse supernova (CCSN) position and to characterize its local environment within an early galaxy. Our observation reveals that the host is an ultra-faint ($M_{\rm UV}=-14.4\pm0.3$ mag) Lyman-$α$ emitter with a very high equivalent width. The host galaxy also shows very weak [O iii]4959,5007 lines despite an H$α$ line detection ([O iii]5007/H$β<0.7$ with case B recombination). Assuming that the weak [O iii] is due to low gas-phase metallicity given the low-metallicity of SN Eos itself, SN Eos plausibly marks the formation and explosion of a metal-poor star in an extremely metal-poor environment ($<1\ \%\ Z_\odot$), facilitating the initial stages of the chemical enrichment of the host. Finding the CCSN in such an ultra-faint galaxy at $z=5.13$ also indicates that the SN rate could be considerably higher in high-$z$, metal-poor environments, potentially implying e.g., a $Z$-dependent IMF, $Z$-dependent massive star explodability, or runaway stellar collisions in dense star clusters. Without lensing, only SN Eos would be detectable and the host would be below the detection limit in any NIRCam surveys ever performed. The Eos host galaxy can thus be representative of the origin of {\it hostless} supernovae frequently found in JWST blank field surveys.

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VENUS: Strong-lensing model of MACS J1931.8-2635 -- revealing the farthest multiply imaged supernova

We present a parametric strong-lensing model for the galaxy cluster MACS J1931.8-2635 ($z_l = 0.35$), accompanying the detection of the spectroscopically confirmed SN Eos at $z = 5.13$ (Coulter et al. 2026). We identify 10 new multiple-image systems in recent VENUS JWST/NIRCam imaging, so that the model is constrained with a total of 19 robust multiple-image systems -- nine of which also have a spectroscopic redshift. For the point-like source corresponding to SN Eos, our model predicts a total of five images, with the observed radial image pair having a similar magnification of $μ\simeq 25 - 30$ and a small time delay of $< 5$ days, in agreement with their simultaneous observation. According to the model, the other three predicted images arrived earlier, with time delays of $3.6 \pm 0.7$, $3.4 \pm 0.7$ and $53.9 \pm 10.8$ years prior to the two observed images, and with magnifications of $14.5 \pm 2.9$, $11.9 \pm 2.4$ and $2.2 \pm 0.4$, respectively. The absence of detections at the predicted positions, where the host galaxy's images are also visible, confirms the transient nature of the source. SN Eos and its host galaxy are studied in separate articles, and we here focus on the lens model. The final model reaches a very good $r.m.s.$ distance between model and observations of $0.44''$. We present the lens-modeling results, including newly identified systems such as a triply imaged, grand-design spiral galaxy candidate at $z \simeq 3.65_{-0.09}^{+0.04}$, and discuss the potential of using high-redshift lensed SNe for cosmography.

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A massive barred spiral galaxy at z = 5.102 discovered by JWST

We report M1149-BSG-z5, a barred spiral galaxy at $z = 5.102$, identified in the parallel field of MACS J1149+2223 with JWST and HST. M1149-BSG-z5 is the highest redshift barred galaxy candidate to date. Both isophote ellipse fitting and structural modeling support a stellar bar of length $a_\mathrm{bar} \approx 4.5$ kpc, and extended spiral arms peaking at $r \approx 5.5$ kpc. M1149-BSG-z5 is a massive main sequence star-forming galaxy, with a stellar mass of $10^{10.45}\rm M_\odot$ and a star-formation rate of $144\,\rm M_\odot/yr$. A concentrated bulge is embedded in an extended disk with a global Sérsic index $n = 2.37$. With an effective radius of $R_{e} = 2.61\rm \ kpc$, M1149-BSG-z5 is larger than typical galaxies at $z \sim 5$ and comparable to barred galaxies at $2 < z < 4$. M1149-BSG-z5 also hosts a broad-line AGN, with a relatively low black-hole-to-stellar mass ratio of $\rm M_{\rm BH}/M_\ast\sim10^{-3}$. Its metal-enriched emission-line properties indicate that it is already chemically evolved. These properties imply M1149-BSG-z5 as an early-assembled and structurally evolved galaxy. We also find that M1149-BSG-z5 resides in an overdense region with a nearby companion galaxy, suggesting an interaction-driven bar formation mechanism. Its concentrated light, early assembly and main-sequence star formation also suggest baryon-dominated, gas-rich conditions, where gravitational instability can further accelerate the bar formation.

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A stellar dynamical mass measurement of an inactive black hole at redshift 2

Supermassive black holes and their host galaxies grow together over time, producing correlations between the black hole mass and various galaxy properties. Determining the evolution of these correlations requires precise measurements of the masses of distant black holes. We observe the gravitationally lensed quiescent galaxy MRG-M0138, at redshift 1.95, using JWST integral field spectroscopy to spatially resolve the kinematics of stars within the black hole's sphere of influence. By using a foreground lens model and fitting stellar dynamical models, we determine the mass of its inactive black hole, $M_{\bullet}=6.0^{+2.1}_{-1.7}\times10^9$ solar masses. Comparing this measurement to local galaxies, we find that $M_{\bullet}$ is higher than expected given the galaxy's bulge mass, but consistent with the correlation with stellar velocity dispersion.

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Other red dots: A possible GLIMPSE of normal AGB stars at Cosmic Noon through extreme lensing

We report the discovery of four extremely faint ($m_{\mathrm{F444W}}\gtrsim29$) red point sources in recent ultra-deep JWST/NIRCam images of the strong lensing galaxy cluster Abell S1063. All four sources sit in lensed arcs, on the symmetry points very close to the critical curves for their host-galaxies' redshifts ($z\sim1-4$). Remarkably, these point sources appear in most arcs that are sufficiently faint close to the critical curve's position ($<21\,\mathrm{nJy}\,\mathrm{arcsec}^{-2}$ in F115W). This suggests that -- unlike previous caustic-crossing events or lensed stars -- thanks to the unprecedented depth of the GLIMPSE observations paired with the extreme lensing magnification (up to $μ\sim10^4$) we might be resolving the lower-mass ($M\sim1-11\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$) red stellar population. Concretely, we detect three likely extremely magnified asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars ($T_{\mathrm{eff}}\sim3200-3750$ K), and one yellow super-giant star ($T_{\mathrm{eff}}\sim6750$ K) -- possibly a yellow hyper-giant or a Cepheid. In addition to offering the first glimpse at low-mass extremely magnified stars, these detections open a possible window into stellar populations, evolution, and chemical enrichment at high redshifts, and could pave the way for using lensed stars such as these as standard candles to populate the distance ladder at cosmological redshifts.

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First Statistical Study of Over 100 Magnified Stellar Events at Redshift $z \approx 0.725$ with JWST

Highly magnified stars at cosmological distances ($z \gtrsim 0.7$) become detectable thanks to microlensing by intracluster stars near the critical curves of galaxy clusters. Multi-epoch photometric campaigns targeting caustic crossing galaxies magnified by massive galaxy clusters enable the detection of these objects as transient events. Such stars provide unique opportunities to study stellar populations at early cosmic times, probe the nature of dark matter, reveal small-scale structure in the cluster, and improve lens models. To date, only a few dozen high-redshift stars have been reported, with a single lensed galaxy, the Dragon, holding the current record of 44 detections. These numbers, however, remain insufficient to exploit their full potential. In this paper, owing to the inclusion of new observations, we report the identification of more than 100 magnified stellar events in the Dragon, behind the massive galaxy cluster Abell 370. The relatively low redshift of the Dragon ($z\approx0.725$) facilitates the detection of its most massive stars. Using imaging data from three different cycles (2022--2024) with the James Webb Space Telescope, we apply a time-domain technique to identify flux variations associated with caustic-crossing events. From the spatial distribution of stellar events we constrain the high-end slope of the stellar luminosity function, finding $β=2.18^{+0.20}_{-0.30}$. Alternatively, assuming a fixed slope, we constrain the microlens surface mass density. In addition, we examine the parity asymmetry of the detected caustic-crossing events, a proposed probe of wave dark matter, and find that it remains present. We also use the events to trace the regions of highest magnification, offering an alternative way to map the system critical curves.

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SPURS: Evidence for Clumpy Neutral Envelopes and Ionized IGM Surrounding Little Red Dots in Abell 2744 from Ultra-Deep Rest-UV Spectroscopy

Rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) spectra of Little Red Dots (LRDs) often show Ly$α$ emission. Along with broad Balmer emission, LRDs are expected to produce broad Ly$α$ emission. However, the large column density of neutral gas invoked to explain the Balmer break should significantly redshift and further broaden the Ly$α$ line, making it challenging to detect without sensitive, moderate-resolution spectra. We present ultra-deep (29 hours) G140M JWST/NIRSpec observations covering the rest-UV of two LRDs in Abell2744 from the SPURS Cycle 4 Large Program. One of our targets is Abell2744-QSO1, a gravitationally-lensed LRD at $z=7.04$ with faint UV emission (M$_{\rm UV}=-16.9$), and the other source (UNCOVER-2476) is newly-confirmed at $z=4.02$ with a very bright UV continuum (M$_{\rm UV}=-19.6$). We find that Abell2744-QSO1 has a broad Ly$α$ profile, along with narrow CIV, FeII$\lambda1786$, and OI$\lambda1302$ emission. The Ly$α$ profile suggests an origin similar to the broad H$α$, but the line is considerably less redshifted than expected from existing dense gas models. We show that the line profile can be explained if the dense neutral gas is clumpy, allowing Ly$α$ to escape by scattering off of the clump surfaces. We find that UNCOVER-2476 has narrow [NeIV] emission, indicating either a hard radiation field or shocks. We confirm two close neighbors with Ly$α$ emission around Abell2744-QSO1, indicating it traces a dense environment that may have ionized its surrounding IGM. We suggest that LRDs may preferentially trace bubbles carved by their dense environments, contributing to the prevalence of Ly$α$ in the population.

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Discovery of Ancient Globular Cluster Candidates in the Relic, a Quiescent Galaxy at $z=2.5$

Globular clusters (GCs) are some of the oldest bound structures in the Universe, holding clues to the earliest epochs of star formation and galaxy assembly. However, accurate age measurements of ancient clusters are challenging due to the age-metallicity degeneracy. Here, we report the discovery of 36 compact stellar systems within the 'Relic', a massive, quiescent galaxy at $z=2.53$. The Relic resides in an overdensity behind the Abell~2744 cluster, with a prominent tidal tail extending towards two low-mass companions. Using deep data from the UNCOVER/MegaScience JWST Surveys, we find that clusters formed in age intervals ranging from 8~Myr up to $\sim2$~Gyr, suggesting a rich formation history starting at $z\sim10$. While the cluster-based star formation history is broadly consistent with the high past star formation rates derived from the diffuse host galaxy light, one potential discrepancy is a tentative $\sim2-3\times$ higher rate in the cluster population for the past Gyr. Taken together with the spatial distribution and low inferred metallicities of these young-to-intermediate age clusters, we may be seeing direct evidence for the accretion of star clusters in addition to their early in situ formation. The cluster masses are high, $\sim10^6-10^7~M_{\odot}$, which may explain why we are able to detect them around this likely post-merger galaxy. Overall, the Relic clusters are consistent with being precursors of the most-massive present-day GCs. This unique laboratory enables the first connection between long-lived, high-redshift clusters and local stellar populations, offering insights into the early stages of GC evolution and the broader processes of galaxy assembly.

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A Kiloparsec-Scale Stellar Cavity in the Center of Abell402-BCG May be Caused by Dynamic Interactions with an Ultramassive Black Hole

We present new observations from JWST NIRCam that reveal a striking kpc-wide cavity in the stellar distribution of the central galaxy in the cluster Abell402. Supporting data from HST allow us to rule out extinction due to dust as an explanation and, instead, suggest that this is a localized depression in the stellar density field corresponding to ~2x10^9 Msun in missing stars within a volume of 0.5kpc^3. On larger scales, both the JWST and HST data show evidence for a 2.2kpc flattened core in the stellar distribution (on which the smaller-scale cavity is superimposed), which implies the presence of a central ultra-massive black hole with M_BH = 6 +/- 4 x10^10 Msun. We report evidence for a mid-IR-bright point source at one edge of the cavity, suggesting that this black hole is actively accreting. MUSE spectroscopy reveal that this source is a LINER AGN and that there is a second candidate AGN on the opposite side of the cavity with a relative velocity of 370km/s -- if real, this implies the presence of a kpc-separation dual AGN with a total binary mass of 6 +/- 2 x10^10 Msun, which would make this the most massive binary black hole system discovered to date. We propose that this unique stellar cavity is the result of a short-lived dynamical interaction between at least one supermassive black hole and the background stellar density field, caused either by three-body scattering during binary hardening or the induction of a dipole instability in the stellar density field.

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Water absorption confirms cool atmospheres in two little red dots

Little red dots (LRDs) are an abundant population of compact high-redshift sources with red rest-frame optical continua, discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Their red colors and power sources have been attributed either to dust reddening of standard hot accretion disks or to intrinsically cool thermal emission from dense hydrogen envelopes, in both cases surrounding accreting supermassive black holes. These scenarios predict order-of-magnitude differences in emission temperature but have lacked decisive temperature diagnostics. Here we report a prominent absorption feature at rest-frame $\sim 1.4 \, μ\mathrm{m}$ in two out of four LRDs at $z \sim 2$ with high signal-to-noise JWST spectra, among the coolest from a large LRD sample. The feature matches the shape and wavelength of the water absorption band seen in cool stars. Atmosphere models require $T \lesssim 3000\, \mathrm{K}$ to reproduce it, confirming unambiguously the presence of a cool, dense gas component contributing $20-30\%$ to the emergent continuum. A composite model reproduces both the absorption and the rest-frame optical-to-infrared continuum shape and suggests a temperature range ($\sim2000\, \mathrm{K} - 4000 \, \mathrm{K}$) rather than a single blackbody predicted by some gas envelope models. Molecular absorption demonstrates that the red continua of some LRDs are intrinsic rather than dust-reddened, implying order-of-magnitude lower bolometric luminosities and black-hole masses, and providing a new diagnostic of the emitting gas.

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