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arXiv · 2502.12581

The Majority Vote Paradigm Shift: When Popular Meets Optimal

Antonio Purificato·Maria Sofia Bucarelli·Anil Kumar Nelakanti·Andrea Bacciu·Fabrizio Silvestri·Amin Mantrach
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Abstract

Reliably labelling data typically requires annotations from multiple human workers. However, humans are far from being perfect. Hence, it is a common practice to aggregate labels gathered from multiple annotators to make a more confident estimate of the true label. Among many aggregation methods, the simple and well known Majority Vote (MV) selects the class label polling the highest number of votes. However, despite its importance, the optimality of MV's label aggregation has not been extensively studied. We address this gap in our work by characterising the conditions under which MV achieves the theoretically optimal lower bound on label estimation error. Our results capture the tolerable limits on annotation noise under which MV can optimally recover labels for a given class distribution. This certificate of optimality provides a more principled approach to model selection for label aggregation as an alternative to otherwise inefficient practices that sometimes include higher experts, gold labels, etc., that are all marred by the same human uncertainty despite huge time and monetary costs. Experiments on both synthetic and real world data corroborate our theoretical findings.

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Antonio Purificato, Maria Sofia Bucarelli, Anil Kumar Nelakanti, Andrea Bacciu, Fabrizio Silvestri, Amin Mantrach. 2026-02-13. The Majority Vote Paradigm Shift: When Popular Meets Optimal. https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12581

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