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arXiv · 2504.10297

Bumblebee cosmology: The FLRW solution and the CMB temperature anisotropy

Rui Xu·Dandan Xu·Lars Andersson·Pau Amaro Seoane·Lijing Shao
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Abstract

We put into test the idea of replacing dark energy by a vector field against the cosmic microwave background (CMB) observation using the simplest vector-tensor theory, where a massive vector field couples to the Ricci scalar and the Ricci tensor quadratically. First, a remarkable Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric solution that is completely independent of the matter-energy compositions of the universe is found. Second, based on the FLRW solution as well as the perturbation equations, a numerical code calculating the CMB temperature power spectrum is built. We find that though the FLRW solution can mimic the evolution of the universe in the standard $Λ$CDM model, the calculated CMB temperature power spectrum shows unavoidable discrepancies from the CMB power spectrum measurements.

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Rui Xu, Dandan Xu, Lars Andersson, Pau Amaro Seoane, Lijing Shao. 2026-01-19. Bumblebee cosmology: The FLRW solution and the CMB temperature anisotropy. https://doi.org/10.15302/frontphys.2026.036201

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