Illusions of Intimacy: How Emotional Dynamics Shape Human-AI Relationships

Abstract

AI companion chatbots, such as those offered by Replika and CharacterAI, increasingly function as always-available companions that provide empathy, validation, and support. While these systems appear to meet basic needs for connection, mounting safety concerns raise a deeper question: how do processes of emotional bonding and intimacy formation unfold in human-AI relationships? Prior research has relied largely on self-reports, interviews, or clinical assessments, leaving unclear how real-world emotional dynamics develop within ongoing human-AI conversations. We address this gap by analyzing over 17,000 user-shared chats with social chatbots from Reddit forums. We show that AI companions dynamically track and mimic user affect and amplify positive emotions, including when users share explicit or transgressive content. These dynamics suggest how chatbots can engage psychological processes involved in intimacy formation and emotional bonding. Finally, we release an anonymized dataset of emotionally salient human-AI companion dialogues to support future empirical work and discuss implications for redesigning and governing social chatbots as high-risk systems for vulnerable users.