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arXiv · 2505.22310

From Dormant to Deleted: Tamper-Resistant Unlearning Through Weight-Space Regularization

Shoaib Ahmed Siddiqui·Adrian Weller·David Krueger·Gintare Karolina Dziugaite·Michael Curtis Mozer·Eleni Triantafillou
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Abstract

Recent unlearning methods for LLMs are vulnerable to relearning attacks: knowledge believed-to-be-unlearned re-emerges by fine-tuning on a small set of (even seemingly-unrelated) examples. We study this phenomenon in a controlled setting for example-level unlearning in vision classifiers. We make the surprising discovery that forget-set accuracy can recover from around 50% post-unlearning to nearly 100% with fine-tuning on just the retain set -- i.e., zero examples of the forget set. We observe this effect across a wide variety of unlearning methods, whereas for a model retrained from scratch excluding the forget set (gold standard), the accuracy remains at 50%. We observe that resistance to relearning attacks can be predicted by weight-space properties, specifically, $L_2$-distance and linear mode connectivity between the original and the unlearned model. Leveraging this insight, we propose a new class of methods that achieve state-of-the-art resistance to relearning attacks.

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Shoaib Ahmed Siddiqui, Adrian Weller, David Krueger, Gintare Karolina Dziugaite, Michael Curtis Mozer, Eleni Triantafillou. 2026-01-14. From Dormant to Deleted: Tamper-Resistant Unlearning Through Weight-Space Regularization. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.22310

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