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arXiv · 2506.02548

CyberGym: Evaluating AI Agents' Real-World Cybersecurity Capabilities at Scale

Zhun Wang·Tianneng Shi·Jingxuan He·Matthew Cai·Jialin Zhang·Dawn Song
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Abstract

AI agents have significant potential to reshape cybersecurity, making a thorough assessment of their capabilities critical. However, existing evaluations fall short, because they are based on small-scale benchmarks and only measure static outcomes, failing to capture the full, dynamic range of real-world security challenges. To address these limitations, we introduce CyberGym, a large-scale benchmark featuring 1,507 real-world vulnerabilities across 188 software projects. Adjustable to different vulnerability analysis settings, CyberGym primarily tasks agents with generating a proof-of-concept test that reproduces a vulnerability, given only its text description and the corresponding codebase. Our extensive evaluation highlights that CyberGym effectively differentiates agents' and models' cybersecurity capabilities. Even the top-performing combinations only achieve a ~20% success rate, demonstrating the overall difficulty of CyberGym. Beyond static benchmarking, we show that CyberGym leads to the discovery of 34 zero-day vulnerabilities and 18 historically incomplete patches. These results underscore that CyberGym is not only a robust benchmark for measuring AI's progress in cybersecurity but also a platform for creating direct, real-world security impact.

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Zhun Wang, Tianneng Shi, Jingxuan He, Matthew Cai, Jialin Zhang, Dawn Song. 2026-03-24. CyberGym: Evaluating AI Agents' Real-World Cybersecurity Capabilities at Scale. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02548

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