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arXiv · 2506.02946

Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents

Edoardo Pona·Milad Kazemi·Yali Du·David Watson·Nicola Paoletti
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Abstract

Counterfactual inference is a powerful tool for analysing and evaluating autonomous agents, but its application to language model (LM) agents remains challenging. Existing work on counterfactuals in LMs has primarily focused on token-level counterfactuals, which are often inadequate for LM agents due to their open-ended action spaces. Unlike traditional agents with fixed, clearly defined action spaces, the actions of LM agents are often implicit in the strings they output, making their action spaces difficult to define and interpret. Furthermore, the meanings of individual tokens can shift depending on the context, adding complexity to token-level reasoning and sometimes leading to biased or meaningless counterfactuals. We introduce \emph{Abstract Counterfactuals}, a framework that emphasises high-level characteristics of actions and interactions within an environment, enabling counterfactual reasoning tailored to user-relevant features. Our experiments demonstrate that the approach produces consistent and meaningful counterfactuals while minimising the undesired side effects of token-level methods. We conduct experiments on text-based games and counterfactual text generation, while considering both token-level and latent-space interventions.

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Edoardo Pona, Milad Kazemi, Yali Du, David Watson, Nicola Paoletti. 2025-06-03. Abstract Counterfactuals for Language Model Agents. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02946

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