Near-Field Propagation and Spatial Non-Stationarity Channel Model for 6-24 GHz (FR3) Extremely Large-Scale MIMO: Adopted by 3GPP for 6G

Huixin Xu; Jianhua Zhang; Pan Tang; Hongbo Xing; Haiyang Miao; Nan Zhang; Jian Li; Jianming Wu; Wenfei Yang; Zhening Zhang; Wei Jiang; Zijian He; Afshin Haghighat; Qixing Wang; Guangyi Liu

arXiv · 2506.17887

Near-Field Propagation and Spatial Non-Stationarity Channel Model for 6-24 GHz (FR3) Extremely Large-Scale MIMO: Adopted by 3GPP for 6G

Huixin Xu·Jianhua Zhang·Pan Tang·Hongbo Xing·Haiyang Miao·Nan Zhang·Jian Li·Jianming Wu·Wenfei Yang·Zhening Zhang·Wei Jiang·Zijian He·Afshin Haghighat·Qixing Wang·Guangyi Liu

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Abstract

Next generation cellular deployments are expected to exploit the 6-24 GHz frequency range 3 (FR3) and extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) to enable ultra-high data rates and reliability. However, the significantly enlarged antenna apertures and higher carrier frequencies render the far-field and spatial stationarity assumptions in the existing 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) channel models invalid, giving rise to new features such as near-field propagation and spatial non-stationarity (SNS). Despite extensive prior research, incorporating these new features within the standardized channel modeling framework remains an open issue. To address this, this paper presents a channel modeling framework for XL-MIMO systems that incorporates both near-field and SNS features, adopted by 3GPP. For the near-field propagation feature, the framework models the distances from the base station (BS) and user equipment to the spherical-wave sources associated with clusters. These distances are used to characterize element-wise variations of path parameters, such as nonlinear changes in phase and angle. To capture the effect of SNS at the BS side, a stochastic-based approach is proposed to model SNS caused by incomplete scattering, by establishing power attenuation factors from visibility probability and visibility region to characterize antenna element-wise path power variation. In addition, a physical blocker-based approach is introduced to model SNS effects caused by partial blockage. Finally, a simulation framework for near-field and SNS is developed within the structure of the existing 3GPP channel model. Performance evaluations demonstrate that the near-field model captures higher channel capacity potential compared to the far-field model. Coupling loss results indicate that SNS leads to more pronounced propagation fading relative to the spatial stationary model.

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Huixin Xu, Jianhua Zhang, Pan Tang, Hongbo Xing, Haiyang Miao, Nan Zhang, Jian Li, Jianming Wu, Wenfei Yang, Zhening Zhang, Wei Jiang, Zijian He, Afshin Haghighat, Qixing Wang, Guangyi Liu. 2025-06-22. Near-Field Propagation and Spatial Non-Stationarity Channel Model for 6-24 GHz (FR3) Extremely Large-Scale MIMO: Adopted by 3GPP for 6G. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.17887

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