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arXiv · 2508.05681

Selection-Based Vulnerabilities: Clean-Label Backdoor Attacks in Active Learning

Yuhan Zhi·Longtian Wang·Xiaofei Xie·Chao Shen·Qiang Hu·Xiaohong Guan
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Abstract

Active learning(AL), which serves as the representative label-efficient learning paradigm, has been widely applied in resource-constrained scenarios. The achievement of AL is attributed to acquisition functions, which are designed for identifying the most important data to label. Despite this success, one question remains unanswered: is AL safe? In this work, we introduce ALA, a practical and the first framework to utilize the acquisition function as the poisoning attack surface to reveal the weakness of active learning. Specifically, ALA optimizes imperceptibly poisoned inputs to exhibit high uncertainty scores, increasing their probability of being selected by acquisition functions. To evaluate ALA, we conduct extensive experiments across three datasets, three acquisition functions, and two types of clean-label backdoor triggers. Results show that our attack can achieve high success rates (up to 94%) even under low poisoning budgets (0.5%-1.0%) while preserving model utility and remaining undetectable to human annotators. Our findings remind active learning users: acquisition functions can be easily exploited, and active learning should be deployed with caution in trusted data scenarios.

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Yuhan Zhi, Longtian Wang, Xiaofei Xie, Chao Shen, Qiang Hu, Xiaohong Guan. 2025-08-05. Selection-Based Vulnerabilities: Clean-Label Backdoor Attacks in Active Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05681

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