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arXiv · 2508.21126

The COLIBRE project: cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation and evolution

Joop Schaye·Evgenii Chaikin·Matthieu Schaller·Sylvia Ploeckinger·Filip Huško·Rob McGibbon·James W. Trayford·Alejandro Benítez-Llambay·Camila Correa·Carlos S. Frenk·Alexander J. Richings·Victor J. Forouhar Moreno·Yannick M. Bahé·Josh Borrow·Anna Durrant·Andrea Gebek·John C. Helly·Adrian Jenkins·Cedric G. Lacey·Aaron Ludlow·Folkert S. J. Nobels
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Abstract

We present the COLIBRE galaxy formation model and the COLIBRE suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. COLIBRE includes new models for radiative cooling, dust grains, star formation, stellar mass loss, turbulent diffusion, pre-supernova stellar feedback, supernova feedback, supermassive black holes and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. The multiphase interstellar medium is explicitly modelled without a pressure floor. Hydrogen and helium are tracked in non-equilibrium, with their contributions to the free electron density included in metal-line cooling calculations. The chemical network is coupled to a dust model that tracks three grain species and two grain sizes. In addition to the fiducial thermally-driven AGN feedback, a subset of simulations uses black hole spin-dependent hybrid jet/thermal AGN feedback. To suppress spurious transfer of energy from dark matter to stars, dark matter is supersampled by a factor 4, yielding similar dark matter and baryonic particle masses. The subgrid feedback model is calibrated to match the observed $z \approx 0$ galaxy stellar mass function, galaxy sizes, and black hole masses in massive galaxies. The COLIBRE suite includes three resolutions, with particle masses of $\sim 10^5$, $10^6$, and $10^7\,\text{M}_\odot$ in cubic volumes of up to 100, 200, and 400 cMpc on a side, respectively. The largest runs use 136 billion ($5 \times 3008^3$) particles. We describe the model, assess its strengths and limitations, and present both visual impressions and quantitative results. Comparisons with various low-redshift galaxy observations generally show very good numerical convergence and excellent agreement with the data.

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Joop Schaye, Evgenii Chaikin, Matthieu Schaller, Sylvia Ploeckinger, Filip Huško, Rob McGibbon, James W. Trayford, Alejandro Benítez-Llambay, Camila Correa, Carlos S. Frenk, Alexander J. Richings, Victor J. Forouhar Moreno, Yannick M. Bahé, Josh Borrow, Anna Durrant, Andrea Gebek, John C. Helly, Adrian Jenkins, Cedric G. Lacey, Aaron Ludlow, Folkert S. J. Nobels. 2026-02-22. The COLIBRE project: cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation and evolution. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras%2Fstag375

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