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arXiv · 2509.04304

Facts Fade Fast: Evaluating Memorization of Outdated Medical Knowledge in Large Language Models

Juraj Vladika·Mahdi Dhaini·Florian Matthes
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Abstract

The growing capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) show significant potential to enhance healthcare by assisting medical researchers and physicians. However, their reliance on static training data is a major risk when medical recommendations evolve with new research and developments. When LLMs memorize outdated medical knowledge, they can provide harmful advice or fail at clinical reasoning tasks. To investigate this problem, we introduce two novel question-answering (QA) datasets derived from systematic reviews: MedRevQA (16,501 QA pairs covering general biomedical knowledge) and MedChangeQA (a subset of 512 QA pairs where medical consensus has changed over time). Our evaluation of eight prominent LLMs on the datasets reveals consistent reliance on outdated knowledge across all models. We additionally analyze the influence of obsolete pre-training data and training strategies to explain this phenomenon and propose future directions for mitigation, laying the groundwork for developing more current and reliable medical AI systems.

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Juraj Vladika, Mahdi Dhaini, Florian Matthes. 2025-09-04. Facts Fade Fast: Evaluating Memorization of Outdated Medical Knowledge in Large Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04304

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