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arXiv · 2509.22761

MILR: Improving Multimodal Image Generation via Test-Time Latent Reasoning

Yapeng Mi·Yanpeng Zhao·Hengli Li·Chenxi Li·Huimin Wu·Xiaojian Ma·Song-Chun Zhu·Ying Nian Wu·Qing Li
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Abstract

Reasoning-augmented machine learning systems have shown improved performance in various domains, including image generation. However, existing reasoning-based methods for image generation either restrict reasoning to a single modality (image or text) or rely on high-quality reasoning data for fine-tuning. To tackle these limitations, we propose MILR, a test-time method that jointly reasons over image and text in a unified latent vector space. Reasoning in MILR is performed by searching through vector representations of discrete image and text tokens. Practically, this is implemented via the policy gradient method, guided by an image quality critic. We instantiate MILR within the unified multimodal understanding and generation (MUG) framework that natively supports language reasoning before image synthesis and thus facilitates cross-modal reasoning. The intermediate model outputs, which are to be optimized, serve as the unified latent space, enabling MILR to operate entirely at test time. We evaluate MILR on GenEval, T2I-CompBench, and WISE, achieving state-of-the-art results on all benchmarks. Notably, on knowledge-intensive WISE, MILR attains an overall score of 0.63, improving over the baseline by 80%. Our further analysis indicates that joint reasoning in the unified latent space is the key to its strong performance. Moreover, our qualitative studies reveal MILR's non-trivial ability in temporal and cultural reasoning, highlighting the efficacy of our reasoning method.

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Yapeng Mi, Yanpeng Zhao, Hengli Li, Chenxi Li, Huimin Wu, Xiaojian Ma, Song-Chun Zhu, Ying Nian Wu, Qing Li. 2026-02-10. MILR: Improving Multimodal Image Generation via Test-Time Latent Reasoning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22761

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