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arXiv · 2509.24648

Evidence for monopole-like topological magnetoelectric effect in image potential states

Yang Zhan·Huaiyu Zhang·Yu Wang·Chenmin Liu·Jian-Qiang Zhong·Yeliang Wang·Hong-Jun Gao·Yi-Qi Zhang·Baojie Feng·Peng Cheng·Lan Chen
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Abstract

Magnetic monopoles, hypothetical particles behaving as isolated magnetic charges, have long been predicted by theories beyond the standard model but remain elusive in experimental detection. Subsequently, Xiaoliang Qi et al. proposed that magnetic monopoles can be constructed in real space by introducing an active electric field at the interface between a topological insulator and vacuum [Science 323, 1184 (2009)]. Here we use scanning tunneling microscopy in the field-emission regime to realize an active electric-field geometry at the surface of the higher-order topological insulator Bi(111), and observe an anomalous splitting of the image potential states (IPSs). By tuning the dielectric properties of the substrate and film thickness, we considered that the peak-splitting of IPSs is related to the radially active electric field and topological surface states. Combined with phenomenological analysis, this peaksplitting can be attributed to the equivalent magnetic field of monopole-like topological magnetoelectric response. This work establishes field-emission IPS spectroscopy as a sensitive platform for generating active electric fields and probing the resulting image magnetic monopoles at topological surfaces.

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Yang Zhan, Huaiyu Zhang, Yu Wang, Chenmin Liu, Jian-Qiang Zhong, Yeliang Wang, Hong-Jun Gao, Yi-Qi Zhang, Baojie Feng, Peng Cheng, Lan Chen. 2026-05-07. Evidence for monopole-like topological magnetoelectric effect in image potential states. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24648

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