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arXiv · 2510.02347

Small Language Models for Curriculum-based Guidance

Konstantinos Katharakis·Sippo Rossi·Raghava Rao Mukkamala
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Abstract

The adoption of generative AI and large language models (LLMs) in education is still emerging. In this study, we explore the development and evaluation of AI teaching assistants that provide curriculum-based guidance using a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) pipeline applied to selected open-source small language models (SLMs). We benchmarked eight SLMs, including LLaMA 3.1, IBM Granite 3.3, and Gemma 3 (7-17B parameters), against GPT-4o. Our findings show that with proper prompting and targeted retrieval, SLMs can match LLMs in delivering accurate, pedagogically aligned responses. Importantly, SLMs offer significant sustainability benefits due to their lower computational and energy requirements, enabling real-time use on consumer-grade hardware without depending on cloud infrastructure. This makes them not only cost-effective and privacy-preserving but also environmentally responsible, positioning them as viable AI teaching assistants for educational institutions aiming to scale personalized learning in a sustainable and energy-efficient manner.

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Konstantinos Katharakis, Sippo Rossi, Raghava Rao Mukkamala. 2025-09-27. Small Language Models for Curriculum-based Guidance. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02347

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