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arXiv · 2510.02357

Privacy in the Age of AI: A Taxonomy of Data Risks

Grace Billiris·Asif Gill·Madhushi Bandara
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Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems introduce unprecedented privacy challenges as they process increasingly sensitive data. Traditional privacy frameworks prove inadequate for AI technologies due to unique characteristics such as autonomous learning and black-box decision-making. This paper presents a taxonomy classifying AI privacy risks, synthesised from 45 studies identified through systematic review. We identify 19 key risks grouped under four categories: Dataset-Level, Model-Level, Infrastructure-Level, and Insider Threat Risks. Findings reveal a balanced distribution across these dimensions, with human error (9.45%) emerging as the most significant factor. This taxonomy challenges conventional security approaches that typically prioritise technical controls over human factors, highlighting gaps in holistic understanding. By bridging technical and behavioural dimensions of AI privacy, this paper contributes to advancing trustworthy AI development and provides a foundation for future research.

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Grace Billiris, Asif Gill, Madhushi Bandara. 2025-09-28. Privacy in the Age of AI: A Taxonomy of Data Risks. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02357

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