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arXiv · 2510.14792

MSPL: Multi-Step Pseudo-Labeling for Open-Vocabulary Object Detection

Hojun Choi·Youngsun Lim·Jaeyo Shin·Hyunjung Shim
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Abstract

Open-vocabulary object detection (OVD) aims to recognize and localize object categories beyond the training set. Recent approaches leverage vision-language models to generate pseudo-labels using image-text alignment, allowing detectors to generalize to unseen classes without explicit supervision. However, these methods depend heavily on single-step image-text matching, neglecting the intermediate reasoning steps crucial for interpreting semantically complex visual contexts, such as crowding or occlusion. In this paper, we introduce MSPL, a framework that incorporates multi-step visual reasoning into the pseudo-labeling process for OVD. It decomposes complex scene understanding into three interpretable steps-object localization, category recognition, and background grounding-where these intermediate reasoning states serve as rich supervision sources. Extensive experiments on standard OVD evaluation protocols demonstrate that MSPL achieves state-of-the-art performance with superior pseudo-labeling efficiency, outperforming the strong baseline by 9.4 AP50 for novel classes on OV-COCO and improving box and mask APr by 3.2 and 2.2, respectively, on OV-LVIS. Code and models are available at https://github.com/hchoi256/mspl.

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Hojun Choi, Youngsun Lim, Jaeyo Shin, Hyunjung Shim. 2026-06-23. MSPL: Multi-Step Pseudo-Labeling for Open-Vocabulary Object Detection. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.14792

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