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arXiv · 2512.17849

The Semi-Classical Limit from the Dirac Equation with Time-Dependent External Electromagnetic Field to Relativistic Vlasov Equations

François Golse·Nikolai Leopold·Norbert J. Mauser·Jakob Möller·Chiara Saffirio
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Abstract

We prove the mathematically rigorous (semi-)classical limit $\hbar \to 0$ of the Dirac equation with time-dependent external electromagnetic field to relativistic Vlasov equations with Lorentz force for electrons and positrons. In this limit antimatter and spin remain as intrinsically relativistic effects on a classical level. Our global-in-time results use Wigner transforms and a Lagrange multiplier viewpoint of the matrix-valued Wigner equation. In particular, we pass to the limit in the ''full" Wigner matrix equation without projecting on the eigenspaces of the matrix-valued symbol of the Dirac operator. In the limit, the Lagrange multiplier maintains the constraint that the Wigner measure and the symbol of the Dirac operator commute and vanishes when projected on the electron or positron eigenspace. This is a different approach to the problem as discussed in [P. Gérard, P. Markowich, N.J. Mauser, F. Poupaud: Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 50(4):323--379, 1997], where the limit is taken in the projected Wigner equation. By explicit calculation of the remainder term in the expansion of the Moyal product we are able to generalize to time-dependent potentials with much less regularity. We use uniform $L^2$ bounds for the Wigner transform, which are only possible for a special class of mixed states as initial data.

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François Golse, Nikolai Leopold, Norbert J. Mauser, Jakob Möller, Chiara Saffirio. 2025-12-19. The Semi-Classical Limit from the Dirac Equation with Time-Dependent External Electromagnetic Field to Relativistic Vlasov Equations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.17849

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