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arXiv · 2601.06056

Using street view images and visual LLMs to predict heritage values for governance support: Risks, ethics, and policy implications

Tim Johansson·Mikael Mangold·Kristina Dabrock·Anna Donarelli·Ingrid Campo-Ruiz
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Abstract

During 2025 and 2026, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive is being implemented in the European Union member states, requiring all member states to have National Building Renovation Plans. In Sweden, there is no comprehensive national register of buildings with heritage values. This is seen as a barrier for the analyses underlying the development of Building Renovation Plans by the involved Swedish authorities. The purpose of this research was to assist Swedish authorities in developing information on heritage values in the Swedish building stock. Buildings in street view images from all over Sweden (N=154 710) have been analysed using multimodal Large Language Models (LLM) to assess visible aspects indicative of heritage value. Zero-shot predictions by LLMs were used as a basis for identifying buildings with potential heritage values for 5.0 million square meters of heated floor area. In this paper, the results of the predictions and lessons learned are presented and related to the development of the Swedish Building Renovation Plan as part of governance. The problems with the method and potential improvements are discussed. Risks with authorities use of LLM-based data are addressed, with a focus on issues of transparency, error detection and sycophancy.

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Tim Johansson, Mikael Mangold, Kristina Dabrock, Anna Donarelli, Ingrid Campo-Ruiz. 2026-06-03. Using street view images and visual LLMs to predict heritage values for governance support: Risks, ethics, and policy implications. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.06056

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