Elucidating different $NO_{2}$ sensing mechanisms in oxidized PbS nanocrystals

Fernando M. Fernandes; Fouad El Haj Hassan; Sophie Hermans; Benoît Hackens

Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2603.02121

Elucidating different $NO_{2}$ sensing mechanisms in oxidized PbS nanocrystals

Fernando M. Fernandes·Fouad El Haj Hassan·Sophie Hermans·Benoît Hackens

View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

In this work we provide an in-depth analysis of the sensing mechanisms of $NO_{2}$ by lead-sulfide nanocrystals (PbS-NCs). A detailed model for the sorption mechanism is proposed, and the correlation is established between experimental sensing characteristics and the surface composition, based on both experimental characterization and ab initio (DFT) simulations. We demonstrated how the sensitivity and the sensing dynamic response can be tuned by a post-deposition multistep dry-thermal process at mild temperature, that alternates vacuum-assisted annealing and heating in open-air. Sensors with different surface compositions were fabricated, and their dynamic response was characterized at low concentration of $NO_{2}$ (0.5 ppm) in air, at ambient temperature. DFT simulations indicate that both surface stoichiometry and oxidation critically govern $NO_{2}$ interaction on PbS, with sulfur-rich terminations favoring weaker binding and faster desorption, while intermediate oxidation enhances interaction and overoxidation leads to surface passivation, in agreement with the measured experimental sensing dynamics. By linking surface composition, adsorption chemistry, and resistance transduction within a single framework, this work provides clear indications to design room-temperature, low-ppm $NO_{2}$ microsensors fabricated through a simple and scalable processes.

Explore related subjects

cond-mat.mtrl-sci cond-mat.mes-hall

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

Fernando M. Fernandes, Fouad El Haj Hassan, Sophie Hermans, Benoît Hackens. 2026-03-02. Elucidating different $NO_{2}$ sensing mechanisms in oxidized PbS nanocrystals. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.02121

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Towards ultra-scaled nanoelectronics using the zipper material system $Bi_2O_2Se/Bi_2SeO_5$

Two-dimensional (2D) materials could overcome the scaling bottleneck of nanoelectronics by enabling atomically thin channels, superior electrostatic control, and reduced short-channel effects. However, progress is limited by the lack of semiconductor–insulator interfaces being simultaneously scalable, stable, and reliable. Conventional 2D interfaces are often low quality or require transferring dissimilar materials, limiting reproducibility and scalability. We show that the zipper heterostructure formed by the high-mobility 2D semiconductor Bi 2 O 2 Se and its native high- κ oxide Bi 2 SeO 5 addresses these challenges, providing an atomically sharp, chemically matched interface with excellent electrostatics and promising scaling potential. We further present the first comprehensive multiscale assessment of Bi 2 O 2 Se/Bi 2 SeO 5 transistors targeting thermal stability, reliability, and scalability by linking atomic-scale structure and defects to device-level behavior across four transistor generations (top-gated, fin, and two gate-all-around architectures). Benchmarking against IRDS-2035 targets indicates that Bi 2 O 2 Se/Bi 2 SeO 5 devices could deliver high drive current with low gate leakage under aggressive scaling, potentially surpassing the targets in the upper-bound region of the sensitivity analysis. Finally, we identify oxygen-related oxide defects as the dominant origin of hysteresis consistent with a beneficial role of encapsulation and oxygen-rich annealing. Together, our findings support the potential of this zipper material system as a technologically-credible and manufacturing-relevant platform for future nanoelectronics.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2026

Influence of Heterogeneity on the Response of Architected Metamaterials

Architected metamaterials like foams and lattices exhibit complex responses governed by microstructural instabilities, localization, and phase-transition-like phenomena. Their behavior is further affected by heterogeneities inherent in their microstructure often caused through manufacturing processes. In this study we extend a gradient-enhanced, nonlocal continuum formulation to incorporate stochastic material heterogeneity through Gaussian random fields imposed on selected constitutive parameters. The framework enables independent control of both the amplitude and spatial correlation of material fluctuations while preserving thermodynamic consistency and regularization of localization. It also introduces a characteristic lengthscale ratio between the nonlocal and correlation lengthscales, that enables modeling at the limit of random or spatially correlated microstructures. Finite element simulations of confined compression and indentation show that heterogeneity fundamentally alters phase nucleation, localization morphology, and macroscopic response. Overall, the proposed framework provides a unified approach for linking stochastic material variability to instability-driven mechanics in architected metamaterials, enabling improved understanding of imperfection sensitivity, stability and design. It showcases how heterogeneity alone can influence characteristic features of the response, such as stability, slope of the plateau region, and elimination of the initial elastic regime.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2026

Structural, electronic, and optical properties of hexagonal GeSn from density functional theory

Unlike cubic GeSn, which undergoes an indirect-to-direct bandgap transition only above a finite Sn concentration, lonsdaleite (2H) germanium is an intrinsic direct-gap semiconductor. We employ first-principles density functional theory to investigate the structural, electronic, and optical properties of 2H-Ge$_{1-x}$Sn$_{x}$ random alloys in the dilute Sn regime ($x \le 0.10$). Substitutional disorder is modeled using 48-atom special quasirandom structure (SQS) supercells, and the coherent effective band structure is recovered via spectral band unfolding. We show that the semiconducting alloy configurations retain a direct bandgap at the $Γ$ point, with a moderate, nearly linear reduction of the bandgap in the dilute regime that shifts the fundamental absorption edge toward the mid-infrared. As the gap approaches zero, its calculated value becomes increasingly sensitive to the atomic configuration and supercell size. Evaluation of the optical transition matrix elements shows that the polarization anisotropy characteristic of pristine 2H-Ge remains observable under dilute Sn alloying. Although alloy disorder relaxes the crystal selection rules, the band edge response remains dominated by light polarized perpendicular to the crystal $c$ axis, whereas the parallel component remains weaker. These results identify dilute hexagonal GeSn as a tunable direct-gap system with a strongly polarization-dependent optical response in the infrared.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗