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arXiv · 2603.11219

Senna-2: Aligning VLM and End-to-End Driving Policy for Consistent Decision Making and Planning

Yuehao Song·Shaoyu Chen·Hao Gao·Yifan Zhu·Weixiang Yue·Jialv Zou·Bo Jiang·Zihao Lu·Yu Wang·Qian Zhang·Xinggang Wang
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Abstract

Vision-language models (VLMs) enhance the planning capability of end-to-end (E2E) driving policy by leveraging high-level semantic reasoning. However, existing approaches often overlook the dual-system consistency between VLM's high-level decision and E2E's low-level planning. As a result, the generated trajectories may misalign with the intended driving decisions, leading to weakened top-down guidance and decision-following ability of the system. To address this issue, we propose Senna-2, an advanced VLM-E2E driving policy that explicitly aligns the two systems for consistent decision-making and planning. Our method follows a consistency-oriented three-stage training paradigm. In the first stage, we conduct driving pre-training to achieve preliminary decision-making and planning, with a decision adapter transmitting VLM decisions to E2E policy in the form of implicit embeddings. In the second stage, we align the VLM and the E2E policy in an open-loop setting. In the third stage, we perform closed-loop alignment via bottom-up Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning in 3DGS environments to reinforce the safety and efficiency. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Senna-2 achieves superior dual-system consistency (19.3% F1 score improvement) and significantly enhances driving safety in both open-loop (5.7% FDE reduction) and closed-loop settings (30.6% AF-CR reduction).

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Yuehao Song, Shaoyu Chen, Hao Gao, Yifan Zhu, Weixiang Yue, Jialv Zou, Bo Jiang, Zihao Lu, Yu Wang, Qian Zhang, Xinggang Wang. 2026-03-11. Senna-2: Aligning VLM and End-to-End Driving Policy for Consistent Decision Making and Planning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11219

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