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arXiv · 2603.23791

The Cognitive Firewall:Securing Browser Based AI Agents Against Indirect Prompt Injection Via Hybrid Edge Cloud Defense

Qianlong Lan·Anuj Kaul
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Abstract

Deploying large language models (LLMs) as autonomous browser agents exposes a significant attack surface in the form of Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI). Cloud-based defenses can provide strong semantic analysis, but they introduce latency and raise privacy concerns. We present the Cognitive Firewall, a three-stage split-compute architecture that distributes security checks across the client and the cloud. The system consists of a local visual Sentinel, a cloud-based Deep Planner, and a deterministic Guard that enforces execution-time policies. Across 1,000 adversarial samples, edge-only defenses fail to detect 86.9% of semantic attacks. In contrast, the full hybrid architecture reduces the overall attack success rate (ASR) to below 1% (0.88% under static evaluation and 0.67% under adaptive evaluation), while maintaining deterministic constraints on side-effecting actions. By filtering presentation-layer attacks locally, the system avoids unnecessary cloud inference and achieves an approximately 17,000x latency advantage over cloud-only baselines. These results indicate that deterministic enforcement at the execution boundary can complement probabilistic language models, and that split-compute provides a practical foundation for securing interactive LLM agents.

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Qianlong Lan, Anuj Kaul. 2026-03-24. The Cognitive Firewall:Securing Browser Based AI Agents Against Indirect Prompt Injection Via Hybrid Edge Cloud Defense. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.23791

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