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arXiv · 2605.04305

SWAN: Semantic Watermarking with Abstract Meaning Representation

Ziping Ye·Gourab Dey·Christos Christodoulopoulos·Charith Peris·Anil Ramakrishna·Weitong Ruan·Aram Galstyan·Kai-Wei Chang·Rahul Gupta·Ninareh Mehrabi
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Abstract

We introduce SWAN (Semantic Watermarking with Abstract Meaning Representation), a novel framework that embeds watermark signatures into the semantic structure of a sentence using Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR). In contrast to existing watermarking methods, which typically encode signatures by adjusting token selection preferences during text generation, SWAN embeds the signature directly in the sentence's semantic representation. As the signature is encoded at the semantic structure level, any paraphrase that preserves meaning automatically preserves the signature. SWAN is training-free: watermark injection is achieved by prompting an LLM to generate sentences guided by a selected AMR template while maintaining contextual coherence, and detection uses an off-the-shelf AMR parser followed by a simple one-proportion z-test. Empirical evaluation on the RealNews benchmark shows SWAN matches state-of-the-art detection performance on unaltered watermarked text, while significantly improving robustness against paraphrasing, increasing detection AUC by up to 13.9 percentage points compared to prior methods. These results demonstrate that SWAN's approach of anchoring watermarks in AMR semantic structures provides a simple, effective, and prompt-based method for robust text provenance verification under paraphrasing, opening new avenues for semantic-level watermarking research.

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Ziping Ye, Gourab Dey, Christos Christodoulopoulos, Charith Peris, Anil Ramakrishna, Weitong Ruan, Aram Galstyan, Kai-Wei Chang, Rahul Gupta, Ninareh Mehrabi. 2026-05-05. SWAN: Semantic Watermarking with Abstract Meaning Representation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.04305

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