Swarm Skills: A Portable, Self-Evolving Multi-Agent System Specification for Coordination Engineering

Xinyu Zhang; Zhicheng Dou; Deyang Li; Jianjun Tao; Shuo Cheng; Ruifeng Shi; Fangchao Liu; Enrui Hu; Yangkai Ding; Hongbo Wang; Qi Ye; Xuefeng Jin; Zhangchun Zhao

arXiv · 2605.10052

Swarm Skills: A Portable, Self-Evolving Multi-Agent System Specification for Coordination Engineering

Xinyu Zhang·Zhicheng Dou·Deyang Li·Jianjun Tao·Shuo Cheng·Ruifeng Shi·Fangchao Liu·Enrui Hu·Yangkai Ding·Hongbo Wang·Qi Ye·Xuefeng Jin·Zhangchun Zhao

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Abstract

As artificial intelligence engineering paradigms shift from single-agent Prompt and Context Engineering toward multi-agent \textbf{Coordination Engineering}, the ability to codify and systematically improve how multiple agents collaborate has emerged as a critical bottleneck. While single-agent skills can now be distributed as portable assets, multi-agent coordination protocols remain locked within framework-internal code or static configurations, preventing them from being shared across systems or autonomously improved over time. We propose \textbf{Swarm Skills}, a portable specification that extends the Anthropic Skills standard with multi-agent semantics. Swarm Skills turns multi-agent workflows into first-class, distributable assets that consist of roles, workflows, execution bounds, and a built-in semantic structure for self-evolution. To operationalize the specification's evolving nature, we present a companion self-evolution algorithm that automatically distills successful execution trajectories into new Swarm Skills and continuously patches existing ones based on multi-dimensional scoring (Effectiveness, Utilization, and Freshness), eliminating the need for human-in-the-loop oversight during the refinement process. Through an architectural compatibility analysis and a comprehensive qualitative case study using the open-source JiuwenSwarm reference implementation, we demonstrate how Swarm Skills achieves zero-adapter cross-agent portability via progressive disclosure, enabling agent teams to self-evolve their coordination strategies without framework lock-in.

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Xinyu Zhang, Zhicheng Dou, Deyang Li, Jianjun Tao, Shuo Cheng, Ruifeng Shi, Fangchao Liu, Enrui Hu, Yangkai Ding, Hongbo Wang, Qi Ye, Xuefeng Jin, Zhangchun Zhao. 2026-05-15. Swarm Skills: A Portable, Self-Evolving Multi-Agent System Specification for Coordination Engineering. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.10052

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