NexOP: Joint Optimization of NEX-Aware k-space Sampling and Image Reconstruction for Low-Field MRI

Abstract

Modern low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology offers a compelling alternative to standard high-field MRI, with portable, low-cost systems. However, its clinical utility is limited by a low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), which hampers diagnostic image quality. A common approach to increase SNR is through repetitive signal acquisitions, known as NEX, but this results in excessively long scan durations. Although recent work has introduced methods to accelerate MRI scans through k-space sampling optimization, the NEX dimension remains unexploited; typically, a single sampling mask is used across all repetitions. Here we introduce NexOP, a deep-learning framework for joint optimization of the sampling and reconstruction in multi-NEX acquisitions, tailored for low-SNR settings. NexOP enables optimizing the sampling density probabilities across the extended k-space-NEX domain, under a fixed sampling-budget constraint, and introduces a new deep-learning architecture for reconstructing a single high-SNR image from multiple low-SNR measurements. Experiments with raw low-field (0.3T) brain data demonstrate that NexOP consistently outperforms competing methods, both quantitatively and qualitatively, across diverse acceleration factors and tissue contrasts. The results also demonstrate that NexOP yields non-uniform sampling strategies, with progressively decreasing sampling across repetitions, hence exploiting the NEX dimension efficiently. Moreover, we present a theoretical analysis supporting these numerical observations. Overall, this work proposes a sampling-reconstruction optimization framework highly suitable for low-field MRI, which can enable faster, higher-quality imaging with low-cost systems and contribute to advancing affordable and accessible healthcare.