Phase Transitions in Driven Informational Systems: A Two-Field Perspective on Learning Theory and Non-Equilibrium Chemistry

Truong Xuan Khanh

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arXiv · 2605.16325

Phase Transitions in Driven Informational Systems: A Two-Field Perspective on Learning Theory and Non-Equilibrium Chemistry

Truong Xuan Khanh

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Abstract

Phase-transition phenomena in deep learning (grokking, emergent capabilities, and ontological reorganization under context shift) have been studied through several lenses, including representational compression, singular learning theory, and information-theoretic progress measures. Independently, non-equilibrium statistical physics has identified phase transitions in driven chemical reaction networks underlying prebiotic selection, with empirical signatures that are difficult to reproduce within single-field gradient accounts. We propose a perspective in which both classes of phenomena admit a common description as driven informational systems: stochastic processes governed by two gradient fields, an entropy production rate Sigma and an information quasi-potential Phi_I := -ln p*, where p* is the stationary density. Within this framework we introduce two candidate order parameters: an adversarial breakdown threshold alpha_dagger and a self-referential coupling threshold kappa_c. The joint scaling of (alpha_dagger, kappa_c) defines a candidate universality class with exponents (gamma_1, gamma_2). We outline the geometric structure of this framework, identify falsifiable predictions distinguishing it from single-field alternatives, and show consistency with recent empirical findings (2024--2026) on alignment transitions, adversarial breakdown scaling, and partial introspection in large language models.

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Truong Xuan Khanh. 2026-05-05. Phase Transitions in Driven Informational Systems: A Two-Field Perspective on Learning Theory and Non-Equilibrium Chemistry. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.16325

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