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arXiv · 2605.20654

REFLECTOR: Internalizing Step-wise Reflection against Indirect Jailbreak

Jiachen Ma·Jiawen Zhang·Xiangtian Li·Bo Zou·Chaochao Lu·Chao Yang
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Abstract

While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities, they remain susceptible to sophisticated, multi-step jailbreak attacks that circumvent conventional surface-level safety alignment by exploiting the internal generation process. To address these vulnerabilities, we propose Reflector, a principled two-stage framework that internalizes self-reflection within the generation trajectory. Reflector first leverages teacher-guided generation to produce high-quality reflection data for supervised fine-tuning (SFT), establishing structured reflection patterns. It subsequently uses Reinforcement Learning (RL) with outcome-driven and reward-validity supervision to instill robust, autonomous self-reflection capabilities. Empirical results show that Reflector achieves Defense Success Rates (DSR) exceeding 90% against complex indirect attacks while generalizing robustly across diverse threat scenarios. Notably, the framework enhances both task-specific and general utility, yielding a 5.85% gain on GSM8K alongside improved performance on knowledge-intensive benchmarks. By internalizing trajectory-level safety, Reflector overcomes the fundamental limitations of surface alignment without significant computational overhead, offering an efficient and scalable solution for the development of safe and capable LLMs.

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Jiachen Ma, Jiawen Zhang, Xiangtian Li, Bo Zou, Chaochao Lu, Chao Yang. 2026-06-03. REFLECTOR: Internalizing Step-wise Reflection against Indirect Jailbreak. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.20654

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