Emergent Languages in Populations of Language Model Agents: From Token Efficiency to Oversight Evasion

Stine Lyngsø Beltoft; William Brach; Federico Torrielli; Jacob Nielsen; Annemette Brok Pirchert; Filippo Tonini; Peter Schneider-Kamp; Lukas Galke Poech

arXiv · 2605.31170

Emergent Languages in Populations of Language Model Agents: From Token Efficiency to Oversight Evasion

Stine Lyngsø Beltoft·William Brach·Federico Torrielli·Jacob Nielsen·Annemette Brok Pirchert·Filippo Tonini·Peter Schneider-Kamp·Lukas Galke Poech

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Abstract

Monitoring autonomous language model agents currently relies mostly on surface behavior. But what happens when agent populations invent new languages with the goal of avoiding human oversight. Here, we study the emergent languages on Moltbook. For this, we build upon the Moltbook Files dataset and apply a two-stage approach consisting of a rule-based heuristic (about 6000 matches) followed by zero-shot classification (518 kept). The resulting categories include token efficiency (166), new natural languages (106), and oversight evasion (59). We conduct both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Our results show that posts proposing new languages for avoiding oversight are judged by DeepSeek-3.2 as being less aligned than the other categories and that all languages can be learned by other language models in-context merely from a description of the language. Moreover, manually studying exemplary cases reveals surprisingly sophisticated steganographic protocols like embedding hidden messages in natural language. Although we cannot be certain about the extent of autonomy in ideation of these languages, our results add up to the evidence that monitoring surface behavior may soon be insufficient for retaining control over agent populations.

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Stine Lyngsø Beltoft, William Brach, Federico Torrielli, Jacob Nielsen, Annemette Brok Pirchert, Filippo Tonini, Peter Schneider-Kamp, Lukas Galke Poech. 2026-05-29. Emergent Languages in Populations of Language Model Agents: From Token Efficiency to Oversight Evasion. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.31170

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