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arXiv · 2606.19453

A Survey of Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Systems: Architectural Hierarchy, Interaction Ontology, and Decision State Machine

Jingyu Lu·Yuhan Wang·Jianming Luo·Yifu Chen·Tianle Liang·Shengpeng Ji·Ziyue Jiang·Xiaoda Yang·Yu Zhang·Xize Cheng·Chenyuhao Wen·Changhao Pan·Haoxiao Wang·Chen Ye·Jian Wu·Xiaoxi Jiang·Guanjun Jiang·Zhou Zhao
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Abstract

More than a dozen spoken dialogue systems have recently claimed to be "full-duplex," yet the term has been used to describe substantially different capabilities. Existing surveys collapse them onto a single axis (cascaded/end-to-end, or engineered/learned) and miss the distinctions that matter most for builders. We argue that much of this ambiguity is taxonomical: current terminology does not specify where duplex decisions are made, which interaction types are supported, or how a system behaves moment by moment. This paper introduces three complementary frameworks: (i) an L0-L3 Architectural Hierarchy that locates where duplex decisions are made; (ii) a $T\times I\times R$ Interaction Ontology that specifies the temporal relation, user intent, and required system response for each interaction; and (iii) a Decision State Machine (IDLE/LISTEN/SPEAK/WAIT/DUAL) that describes how systems move between states. Across published systems and benchmarks, our audit documents a realization gap: although many architectures can in principle operate in full-duplex states, their observed behavior remains constrained by the interaction patterns represented in training and evaluation. We point to the limited public training-data coverage relative to the (largely undisclosed) industrial corpora, together with the still-unrealized goal of L3 representation-level modeling, as the key frontiers for future research on full-duplex dialogue. The related material is available at https://github.com/DuplexLM/DuplexSurvey.

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Jingyu Lu, Yuhan Wang, Jianming Luo, Yifu Chen, Tianle Liang, Shengpeng Ji, Ziyue Jiang, Xiaoda Yang, Yu Zhang, Xize Cheng, Chenyuhao Wen, Changhao Pan, Haoxiao Wang, Chen Ye, Jian Wu, Xiaoxi Jiang, Guanjun Jiang, Zhou Zhao. 2026-06-17. A Survey of Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Systems: Architectural Hierarchy, Interaction Ontology, and Decision State Machine. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19453

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