Spatial Support Matters: Geometry-Aware Graph Fusion for Rainfall Field Reconstruction

Abstract

Fine-scale rainfall reconstruction is critical for urban flood modeling, but real rainfall sensing systems observe the field through incompatible spatial supports: gauges measure points, microwave links measure paths, and radar/satellite products measure gridded areas. These differences in measurement support impose geometrically distinct constraints on the rainfall field, yet existing heterogeneous graph approaches reconcile such sources in feature space, giving each its own embedding while discarding the geometry of its support. We propose a geometry-aware multi-support heterogeneous graph neural network that represents each observation according to its support type (0D point, 1D line, or 2D grid) as a distinct node layer, and fuses them through cross-support message passing into a point-support prediction layer from which the field is reconstructed. An inductive masked-node formulation decouples prediction resolution from sensing resolution, allowing the same trained model to reconstruct the field at user-defined target locations or display grids. On Singapore data, the proposed method reduces RMSE by 23.2\% over the classical interpolation baseline, inverse-distance weighting, and consistently outperforms other neural architectures such as convolutional fusion and support-agnostic heterogeneous graph baselines. A generalization study using data from Sydney, Australia lets us characterize when multi-support fusion helps: the available skill appears to depend on gauge spacing relative to the spatial correlation length of the field, so fusion delivers the largest gains where the field is under-sampled relative to its correlation length and little when it is already resolved. Code and models will be open-sourced upon paper acceptance.