Circulating Lymphocytes Preservation in Lung Cancer Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy with Ultra-Fast Proton Delivery Using Modularized Pin Ridge Filters

Duncan Bohannon; Ahmal Jawad Zafar; Sibo Tian; Williams Stokes; Zachary S. Buchwald; Sunil W. Dutta; William A. LePain; Zachary Diamond; Anees Dhabaan; Hania Al-Hallaq; Xiaofeng Yang; Jun Zhou

arXiv · 2607.22842

Circulating Lymphocytes Preservation in Lung Cancer Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy with Ultra-Fast Proton Delivery Using Modularized Pin Ridge Filters

Duncan Bohannon·Ahmal Jawad Zafar·Sibo Tian·Williams Stokes·Zachary S. Buchwald·Sunil W. Dutta·William A. LePain·Zachary Diamond·Anees Dhabaan·Hania Al-Hallaq·Xiaofeng Yang·Jun Zhou

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Abstract

Purpose: Radiation-induced lymphopenia is an increasingly recognized toxicity in lung radiotherapy and has been linked to radiation exposure to circulating lymphocytes (CL). In intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT), prolonged pencil beam scanning (PBS) delivery may increase CL dose. We recently developed a patient-specific pin ridge filter (pRF) framework that enables ultra-fast proton delivery with a single beam energy. This study evaluated whether pRF-based lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) plans delivered at conventional (pRFCONV) and FLASH dose rates (pRFFLASH) improve immune sparing using time-resolved blood dose accumulation and CL survival modeling. Methods: pRF plans were created for 10 lung SBRT patients previously treated with IMPT. PBS delivery simulations modeled spot delivery, scanning, and energy switching. Blood dose-volume histograms (bDVHs) were calculated with the hematological dose framework. CL survival fractions (SF) were estimated from bDVHs with saturation and linear-quadratic models derived from in-vitro survival data for CD4/CD8 CL. Results: Compared with IMPT, pRFCONV/pRFFLASH plans reduced delivery time (mean reductions: 85.3/99.9%) and irradiated blood volume per fraction (mean reductions: 52.9/81.3%). pRFCONV/pRFFLASH plans reduced blood V5cGy by 26.4/39.4%, and V50cGy by 4.5/6.9%, respectively. pRF plans improved modeled CL survival across all models and subpopulations. Unstimulated CD4/CD8 CL had the largest SF differences, for which mean saturation-model SF improved by 7.9/8.6% for pRFCONV (p=0.03/0.02) and 9.6/10.4% for pRFFLASH (p=0.02/0.01), respectively. Conclusion: pRF plans improved modeled CL survival by significantly shortening delivery time and reducing irradiation of circulating blood. Our findings suggest that pRF's ultra-fast delivery may provide a practical strategy for immune sparing in proton lung SBRT.

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Duncan Bohannon, Ahmal Jawad Zafar, Sibo Tian, Williams Stokes, Zachary S. Buchwald, Sunil W. Dutta, William A. LePain, Zachary Diamond, Anees Dhabaan, Hania Al-Hallaq, Xiaofeng Yang, Jun Zhou. 2026-07-24. Circulating Lymphocytes Preservation in Lung Cancer Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy with Ultra-Fast Proton Delivery Using Modularized Pin Ridge Filters. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.22842

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