Characterizing the oxidation state of rocky exoplanets with the Large Interferometer for Exoplanets (LIFE)

Lorenzo Cesario; Tim Lichtenberg; Michiel Min; Lena Noack; Caroline Brachmann; Eleonora Alei; Sascha P. Quanz; LIFE Collaboration

arXiv · 2607.28121

Characterizing the oxidation state of rocky exoplanets with the Large Interferometer for Exoplanets (LIFE)

Lorenzo Cesario·Tim Lichtenberg·Michiel Min·Lena Noack·Caroline Brachmann·Eleonora Alei·Sascha P. Quanz·LIFE Collaboration

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Abstract

The oxidation state of rocky exoplanets is expected to play a fundamental role in shaping the chemical composition of their secondary atmospheres by influencing the chemical composition of volcanically released gasses. Distinguishing planetary redox states through direct atmospheric characterization would offer insight into the formation and evolution of secondary atmospheres on exoplanets and inform the background chemistry of putative biosignatures. The Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE) mission concept aims to employ a space-based mid-infrared nulling interferometer to characterize exoplanetary atmospheres. In this work, we assess LIFE's performance in distinguishing the redox states of rocky exoplanets by direct spectroscopic measurements. We focus on the observability and spectral features of redox-sensitive molecules in secondary atmospheres of Earth-sized exoplanets. We develop and apply a retrieval framework based on the ARtful modeling Code for exoplanet Science (ARCiS) and the LIFE mission simulator (LIFEsim) to simulate observations of Earth-sized planets with atmospheres from a range of plausible mantle redox conditions. Our simulations show that LIFE in its baseline configuration can successfully constrain dominant atmospheric species (e.g. CO2, CH4 and NH3) with sufficient accuracy to distinguish redox states for planets orbiting a Sun-like star at 10 pc. Retrieved redox-sensitive molecules show clear trends across oxidation states, with CO2 dominating in oxidizing (with oxygen fugacity fO2 $\sim$ IW+2 to IW+6, where IW is the iron-w$ü$stite buffer) environments and NH3 in reducing (fO2 $\sim$ IW-2 to IW-6) environments, and CH4 serving as a strong tracer among intermediate (fO2 $\sim$ IW+4 to IW-4) oxidation states.

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Lorenzo Cesario, Tim Lichtenberg, Michiel Min, Lena Noack, Caroline Brachmann, Eleonora Alei, Sascha P. Quanz, LIFE Collaboration. 2026-07-30. Characterizing the oxidation state of rocky exoplanets with the Large Interferometer for Exoplanets (LIFE). https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.28121

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