Compositionally Complex Ceramics

Abstract

The development of high-entropy ceramics (HECs) over the past decade has extended the high-entropy concept to a diverse range of oxides, borides, silicides, carbides, nitrides, fluorides, silicates, and other ceramic solid solutions, encompassing increasingly diverse crystal structures and bonding characteristics and exhibiting a broad spectrum of promising mechanical, thermal, and functional properties. Initial studies predominantly focused on five-component equimolar compositions, often assuming the formation of random solid solutions. More recently, 10-21 component ultrahigh-entropy ceramics have been developed as a subset of HECs, some of which exhibit intriguing abrupt phase transitions. In 2020, we proposed extending the exploration of HECs to the broader class of "compositionally complex ceramics" (CCCs), in which non-equimolar compositions and long- and short-range order reduce configurational entropy while providing additional opportunities to tailor and enhance materials properties, thereby outperforming their higher-entropy counterparts. Dual-phase CCCs have also been reported, with thermodynamic equilibria governing cation partitioning between the two phases and offering further opportunities to control and enhance properties through microstructural engineering. Subsequent studies have revealed grain-boundary phase-like transitions in CCCs that can control microstructural evolution and materials properties. Overall, CCCs offer a versatile platform for tailoring materials properties through diverse crystal structures and bonding characteristics, compositional complexity, non-equimolar designs, long- and short-range order, defects, and microstructural and interfacial engineering.