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arXiv · 2609.01081

StateSwap: Probing Support-Elimination Hidden States in Multiple-Choice Questions

Chao Gao·Haijiang Liu·Qiyuan Li·Caicai Guo·Frank van Harmelen·Jinguang Gu
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Abstract

Large language models often answer the same multiple-choice question inconsistently when it is posed under support-oriented and elimination-oriented framings. We investigate whether these discrepancies arise from different internal representations induced by the two framings. We introduce a dual-framing protocol with minimally varied prompts that use either support- or elimination-oriented framing while keeping the evaluation target fixed. To probe the internal computation, we append an untrained special token, [STATE], and treat its residual-stream activation as an intervention interface. Across both models, the two framings induce separable [STATE] activations concentrated in intermediate layers. Swapping these activations between paired prompts systematically changes predictions and improves cross-framing agreement, providing intervention-based evidence that the activations are behaviorally relevant. Beyond instance-level substitution, mean-difference steering directions derived from the dual-framing contrast exhibit more bounded layer-wise responses than matched contrastive activation addition directions under the evaluated protocol.

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Chao Gao, Haijiang Liu, Qiyuan Li, Caicai Guo, Frank van Harmelen, Jinguang Gu. 2026-09-01. StateSwap: Probing Support-Elimination Hidden States in Multiple-Choice Questions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.01081

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